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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a holography system for a real-time
reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of an object.
2) Description of the Related Art
As well known, in a holography system using a photographic technique, an
object light wave and a reference light wave, derived from a coherent
light such as a laser, interfere with each other on a photographic film to
thereby cause an interference-fringe pattern, and that pattern is then
recorded as a latent image on a photographic film. Thereafter, by
developing and fixing the photographic film, a negative or hologram on
which the interference-fringe pattern is recorded as a visual image can be
obtained. When an reference light wave is incident on the hologram, the
above-mentioned object light wave is reproduced as a diffracted light
wave, whereby a three-dimensional image of an object, from which the
object light wave derives, can be reconstructed. As is also well known, in
a holography system using a photographic technique, the three-dimensional
image of an object cannot be reconstructed in real-time, because the
hologram is obtained after the photographic film is developed and fixed.
A real-time holography system is disclosed in "APPLIED OPTICS", Vol. 11/No.
5, May 1971, pages 1261 to 1268, by R. J. Doyle and W. E. Glenn. In this
real-time holography system, an interference-fringe pattern caused by an
object light wave and a reference light wave is recorded by an image
pickup device, an image of the interference-fringe pattern is converted
into a video signal, and the image of the interference-fringe pattern is
then reconstructed on a transparent thermoplastic medium on the basis of
the video signal. In particular, the transparent thermoplastic medium is
formed of a transparent electrode and has a transparent thermoplastic
layer coated thereon. The transparent thermoplastic layer is scanned with
an electron beam carrying the video signal, so that an electric charge
distribution corresponding to the interference-fringe pattern is formed on
the thermoplastic layer, and thus an electrostatic force acts on the
thermoplastic layer in response to the electric charge distribution. At
the same time, the thermoplastic layer is electrically heated, whereby a
surface of the thermoplastic layer is deformed and grooves and ridges are
formed thereon to reproduce the interference-fringe pattern, and thus a
phase hologram is produced on the thermoplastic layer surface. Thereafter,
when a coherent light wave is incident on the phase hologram, a
three-dimensional image of an object, from which the object light wave
derives, can be reconstructed.
In this conventional real-time holography system, some time is required
until the deformation of the thermoplastic layer surface is completed, and
thus, in this sense, it cannot be said that the three-dimensional image is
reconstructed in real-time. Also, it is very difficult and costly to
reconstruct a three-dimensional motion picture by utilizing the
conventional system, because a plurality of transparent thermoplastic
mediums must be prepared, and because these mediums must be successively
moved to a three-dimensional image reconstruction location at which the
reference light wave is incident on the transparent thermoplastic medium.
Furthermore, the conventional system has a drawback in that the
transparent thermoplastic medium is quickly deteriorated; i.e., the
reproduction of the intereference-fringe pattern on the transparent
thermoplastic medium can be performed only several thousand times.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a holography
system wherein a reconstruction of a three-dimensional image can be
carried out substantially in real-time, a three-dimensional motion picture
can be easily and inexpensively obtained, and a reconstruction of a
three-dimensional image can be ensured over a long period.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a real-time
holography system comprising: a coherent light source means for emitting a
coherent light wave; a first optical means for dividing the coherent light
wave into an object light wave and a reference light wave, and for causing
an interference of these waves with each other to thereby produce an
interference-fringe pattern; an image pickup means for taking an image of
the interference-fringe pattern and converting same into a video signal;
and a spatial optical modulation means for reproducing the image of the
interference-fringe pattern on the basis of the video signal, the spatial
modulation means including a matrix liquid crystal display.
Preferably, the optical means is arranged such that an angle at which the
object and reference light waves interfere with each other is determined
on the basis of a resolving power of said matrix liquid crystal display.
The real-time holography system according to the present invention may
further comprise a light source for emitting a light wave, and a second
optical means for making the light wave incident on the matrix liquid
crystal display, to produce a zero-order diffracted light wave and a
first-order diffracted light wave. The second optical means includes a
lens means for focussing the zero-order and first-order diffracted light
waves on a given location, and a spatial filter disposed at the given
location to remove the zero-order diffracted light wave.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The other objects and advantages of the present invention will be better
understood from the following description, with reference to the
accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an optical system for producing a
hologram by using a photographic technique;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing an optical system for reconstructing a
three-dimensional image using the hologram obtained by the optical system
of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a real-time holography system according
to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an partially enlarged view of FIG. 3 illustrating an angle at
which an object light wave and a reference light wave interfere with each
other;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the circuitry for driving a matrix liquid
crystal display used in the real-time holography system of FIG. 3; and,
FIG. 6 is a plane view of an spatial filter used in the real-time
holography system of FIG. 3.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
For a better understanding of a real-time holography system according to
the present invention, first a principle of a photographic holography
system using a photographic technique is explained with reference to FIGS.
1 and 2.
In FIG. 1, reference numeral 10 indicates a coherent light source, such as
a gas laser tube, from which a laser L is emitted. The laser or coherent
light L is diverged by a lens 12, converted into a parallel light by a
collimate lens 14, and the parallel light is divided into two light
portions by a half mirror 16. Namely, one light portion is reflected by
the half mirror 16 to be directed to an object O and the other light
portion is passed through the half mirror 16 to be directed to a reflector
18. The light portion reflected by the half mirror 16 illuminates the
object O, and a light reflected by the object O is then directed as an
object light wave L.sub.1 to a photographic film F. The other light
portion reflected by the reflector 18 is directed as a reference light
wave L.sub.2 to the photographic film F. The object light L.sub.1 and the
reference light waves L.sub.2 interfere with each other to cause an
interference-fringe pattern, and this pattern is recorded as a latent
image on the photographic film F. Thereafter, by developing and fixing the
photographic film F, a negative or hologram on which the
interference-fringe pattern is recorded as a visual image can be obtained.
In FIG. 2, the thus-obtained hologram is indicated by F' and is arranged in
an optical system for reconstructing a three-dimensional image of the
object O. This optical reconstruction system includes a gas laser tube 20
emitting a laser L', a lens 22 for diverging the laser L', a collimate
lens 24 for converting the diverged laser light into parallel light, and a
reflector 26 for reflecting the parallel light to be directed as a
reference light wave to the hologram F'. The reference light wave made
incident on the hologram F' is divided into a zero-order diffracted light
wave L.sub.1 ' passing straight through the hologram F and a first-order
diffracted light wave L.sub.2 ' defining a given angle with the zero-order
diffracted light wave L.sub.2 '. The first-order diffracted light wave
L.sub.2 ' corresponds to the object light wave L.sub.1 (FIG. 1), and thus
a three-dimensional image of the object O can be viewed as a virtual image
O'. In this case, an angle 2 .theta.(FIG. 1) defined by the object and
reference light waves L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 is equal to that defined by the
zero-order and first diffracted light waves L.sub.1 ' and L.sub.2 ', and
the angle 2.theta. is preferably made larger as soon as possible, so that
the zero-order diffracted light wave L.sub.1 ' is diverted from a visual
field for viewing the image O' and does not hinder the viewing of the
image O'.
FIG. 3 schematically shows a real time holography system according to the
present invention. Note, in FIG. 3, the features corresponding to those of
FIGS. 1 and 2 are indicated by the same reference numerals and marks.
As stated with reference to FIG. 1, a gas laser tube 10 emits a laser light
L which is diverged by a lens 12, and then converted into a parallel light
by a collimate lens 14. Similarly, the parallel light is divided into two
light portions by a half mirror 16; one light portion being directed to an
object O, and the other light portion being directed to a reflector 18.
The light portion reflected by the half mirror 16 illuminates the object O
and a light reflected by the object O is directed as an object light wave
L.sub.1 to an image pickup device 28, such as a CCD camera, through a lens
30 and a half mirror 32, so that a real image of the object O is formed by
the lens 30 in the vicinity of an image pickup face of the CCD camera 28.
On the other hand, the light portion directed to the reflector 18 is
reflected thereby to be directed as a reference light wave L.sub.2 to the
half mirror 32, and is then reflected thereby to be directed to the image
pickup face of the CCD camera 28. In FIG. 3, the object and reference
light waves L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 are shown to be directed to the CCD camera
28 along a common optical axis, but in practice these lights L.sub.1 and
L.sub.2 define a very small angle 2.theta., for example, of from about 0.3
to about 0.4 degrees, therebetween, as shown in FIG. 4. The object and
reference light waves L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 made incident on the image
pickup face of the CCD camera 28 interfere with each other to cause an
interference-fringe pattern, an image of which is converted into a video
signal by the CCD camera 28. Note, the reason why the light waves L.sub.1
and L.sub.2 interfere with each other at the very small angle 2.theta. is
explained in detail hereafter.
Note, the CCD camera 28 is commercially available, for example, from
Hitachi Electronics K.K., as Model KV-26/26L. This CCD camera has an image
pickup size of 1/2 inches having a number of picture elements of
768(H).times.490(V); a pitch of the picture elements being 11.4
.mu.m.times.13.3 .mu.m. Further note, in practice an image formation lens
is removed from the CCD camera (Model KV-26/26L).
As mentioned above, in this embodiment, the real image of the object O is
formed by the lens 30 in the vicinity of the image pickup face of the CCD
camera 28. This is well known as an optical system for a production of a
one-step image type hologram, wherein a reference light wave for
reconstructing a three-dimensional image of the object may be obtained
from a white light source. Note, although the lens 30 is omitted, a
production of a hologram is possible, and this also is well known as an
optical system for the production of a Fresnel hologram.
The interference-fringe pattern caused by the object and reference light
waves L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 is reproduced in real-time by a spatial optical
modulator 34 such as a matrix liquid crystal display (LCD). In this
embodiment, an MIM(Metal-Insulator-Metal)-TN type LCD is used, having a
display size of 0.96 inches and a number of picture elements of
648(H).times.240 (V); a size of each picture element being 30
.mu.m(V).times.60 .mu.m(H).
FIG. 5 schematically shows a block diagram of the circuitry for reproducing
the interference-fringe pattern on the MIM-TN type LCD 34, on the basis of
the video signal output from the CCD camera 28. In the block diagram shown
in FIG. 5, a control circuit 36 outputs variable control signals on the
basis of vertical and horizontal synchronizing pulses included in the
video signal, and an analog-digital-converter (A/D) 38 converts the video
signal into 4-bit video data signals, each exhibiting a corresponding one
of 16 gray-scales (gradation tones). The LCD 34 includes signal electrodes
and scan electrodes (not shown) disposed at the picture element locations
thereof, which are energized by a signal electrode driver circuit 40 and a
scan electrode driver circuit 42. When the video signal is output from the
CCD camera 28, a sampling clock signal S1 is output from the control
circuit 36 to the A/D converter 38 on the basis of the horizontal
synchronizing pulse, and a series of the 4-bit video data signals
corresponding to the number (648) of the picture elements included in each
horizontal picture element array of the LCD 34 is output from the A/D
converter 38. The 4-bit video data signals are once stored in a 4-bit
parallel shift register 40a of the driver circuit 40, on the basis of a
shift clock signal S2 output from the control circuit 36 to the shift
register 40a, and then transmitted from the shift register 40a to a line
memory 40b of the driver circuit 40. When a latch clock signal S3 is
output from the control circuit 36 to the line memory 40b, drive pulse
voltages each having a pulse rise width corresponding to a gray-scale of
each 4-bit video data signal are output from the line memory 40b to the
signal electrodes of the picture elements of the LCD 34. Further, the
control circuit 36 outputs a high level voltage signal S4 to a gate
circuit 42a of the scan electrode driver circuit 42 having gate elements
corresponding to the number (240) of the picture elements included in each
vertical picture element array of the LCD 34, and a scanning pulse S5 is
output from the control circuit 36 to a shift register 42b. When a shift
clock signal S6 is input to the shift register 42b from the control
circuit 36, the scanning pulse S5 is shifted in the shift register 42b,
and thus the gate elements included in the gate circuit 42a are
successively opened so that a drive voltage is applied from the scan
electrode driver circuit 42 to the scan electrodes included in each
horizontal picture element array of the LCD 34, whereby the
interference-fringe pattern caused by the object and reference light waves
L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 is reproduced on the display panel of the LCD 34.
Note, a reproduction of an image on an LCD on the basis of a video signal
by a commercially available LCD television set, is well known.
A base pitch P of the interference-fringe pattern caused by the object and
reference light waves L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 depends upon the angle 2.theta.
therebetween. Namely, the base pitch P is defined by the following
formulae:
2 sin(.theta.)=N.lambda.
N=P.sup.-1
wherein: .lambda. is a wavelength; and N is a spatial frequency.
As apparent from the above formulae,the larger the angle 2.theta. between
the object and reference light waves L.sub.1 and L.sub.2, the smaller the
base pitch P, and conversely, the smaller the angle 2.theta., the larger
the pitch P. For example, if the angle 2.theta. is 30 degrees, the base
pitch P is about 1.2 .mu.m, and in this case, it is impossible to
reproduce the interference-fringe pattern on the LCD 34 because the
picture elements thereof have a size of 30 .mu.m(V).times.60 .mu.m(H), as
mentioned before. When the angle 2.theta. is from about 0.3 to about 0.4
degrees, the base pitch P is about 100 .mu.m, and thus it is possible to
properly reproduce the interference-fringe pattern on the LCD 34. Note, if
an LCD having a higher density of picture elements is developed in future,
it will be possible to cause an interference of the object and reference
light waves L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 with each other at an angle larger than 4
degrees.
The angle 2.theta. between the object and reference light waves L.sub.1 and
L.sup.2 is preferably determined on the basis of a resolving power of an
LCD. Namely, when the LCD has a horizontal resolving power N.sub.H (1p/mm)
and a vertical resolving power N.sub.V (1p/mm), optimum angles
2.theta..sub.H and 2.theta..sub.V are defined by the following formulae:
.theta..sub.H =sin.sup.-1 ((N.sub.H /4).lambda.)
.theta..sub.V =sin.sup.-1 ((N.sub.V /4).lambda.)
.lambda.: wavelength
In the LCD 30 used in this embodiment, a horizontal density of the picture
elements is about 33/mm (N.sub.H =33/2), and a vertical density of the
picture elements is about 17/mm (N.sub.V =17/2). The angle 2.theta. of
from about 0.3 to about 0.4 degrees is based upon these densities of the
picture elements.
Referring again to FIG. 3, the LCD 34 is arranged in an optical system for
a reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of the object O. This
optical reconstruction system includes a gas laser tube 20 emitting a
laser L', a lens 22 for diverging the laser L', and a collimate lens 24
for converting the diverged laser into a parallel light, which is directed
as a reference light wave L.sub.2 ' to the LCD 34. When the reference
light wave L.sub.2 ' is incident on the LCD 34, the light wave L.sub.2 '
is diffracted to produce a zero-order diffracted light wave and a
first-order diffracted light wave. Note, the first-order diffracted light
wave corresponds to the object wave L.sub.1, and thus a three-dimensional
image of the object O is represented by the first-order diffracted light
wave. As mentioned above, since the object and reference light waves
L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 interfere with each other at a very small angle of
from about 0.3 to about 0.4 degrees, an incident angle of the reference
light wave L.sub.2 ' on the LCD 34 is almost perpendicular to the display
face thereof, and thus the zero-order and first-order diffracted light
waves exist substantially in the same visual field, and therefore, the
zero-order diffracted light wave must be removed from the visual field
before the three-dimensional image of the object O can be viewed. To this
end, in this embodiment, the zero-order and first-order diffracted light
waves are focussed on a spatial filter 44 by a lens 46, so that only the
first-order diffracted light wave is passed through the spatial filter 44.
Namely, the zero-order diffracted light wave is blocked by the spatial
filter 44.
The spatial filter may be obtained by using, for example, a photographic
technique. In particular, first a transparent substrate such as a glass
plate is coated with a photographic emulsion, the substrate coated with
the emulsion is displaced in the optical reconstruction system (FIG. 5) to
the same location as the spatial filter 44, and the substrate coated with
the emulsion is illuminated by the laser L'. Note, at this time no
interference-fringe pattern is reproduced on the LCD 34. Thereafter, the
illuminated substrate is developed and fixed, and thus the spatial filter
is obtained as a negative as shown in FIG. 6. As shown in this drawing, a
block spot C is formed at a location on which the zero-order diffracted
light wave is focussed by the lens 46, so that, when the spatial filter 44
is disposed in the optical reconstruction system as shown in FIG. 5, the
zero-order diffracted light wave is blocked by the black spot C, and thus
the three-dimensional image of the object O can be clearly viewed. Note,
as shown in FIG. 6, black spots other than the black spot C regularly
appear in the spatial filter 44, and are derived from a diffraction caused
by a matrix of the electrodes of the LCD 34.
In the embodiment described above, the LCD 34 has two polarizing plates
disposed at the sides of the display panel thereof, and thus the
reproduced interference-fringe pattern serves as an amplitude hologram,
but when a refractive index of the display panel of the LCD 34 is changed
in response to a molecular orientation of the liquid crystal, it is
preferable to use the reproduced interference-fringe pattern as a phase
hologram, without the polarizing plates, as the three-dimensional image of
the object can be thus more brightly reconstructed.
Also, in the embodiment described above, although the LCD 34 is arranged so
as to produce a transmission hologram, it can be made to serve as a
reflection hologram, by attaching a mirror element to one side of the
display panel of the LCD 34. Also, another image pickup device can be used
in place of the CCD camera 28, and further, a semi-conductor laser can be
used in place of the gas laser tube 10, 20.
Finally, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the
foregoing description is of a preferred embodiment of the disclosed
system, and that various changes and modifications may be made to the
present invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
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