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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to a method for communicating
information in a database. The present invention more particularly relates
to a method for automatically providing notification to a user of the
occurrence of a predetermined event within a database system operated in
conjunction with a processing system.
A database is a collection of related information about a subject organized
in a manner to facilitate operations such as retrieving information,
drawing conclusions, and making decisions. Computerized databases are
commonly used for storing data and making information available in a
variety of formats to many users. As one example, a database may contain
data pertaining to an inventory and purchasing system. Users may access
the database to receive information about inventory on hand, orders which
have been placed, and orders which have been filled.
Information in a database is usually divided into distinct data records,
each with one or more data fields. Data are stored in the database in a
variety of formats or as different kinds of data. For example, data may be
stored as characters, in bytes composed of eight bits. Data may also be
stored as integers, in two or more bytes; as long integers in four or more
bytes; as strings, including up to 255 bytes; as text of up to 32,000
bytes; as real numbers; and as boolean values. In some databases, data may
also be stored as a picture. The 4th Dimension.TM. relational database
program, developed by ACI US, Inc., for Macintosh.TM. Computers, allows
storage of picture data in the 4th Dimension database. In the 4th
Dimension database, data which is not classified as one of the other types
(character, integer, etc.) must be stored as a picture.
Computerized database systems are generally implemented in processing
systems which include a processor and a memory, along with input and
output devices. The processor operates in response to programs of
instructions stored in the memory. The programs of instructions include
the operating system, which is the program which controls processor
internal functions, and the database system. The database system includes
the database as well as a database management program or database engine.
The database engine provides tools for retrieval, modification, deletion
and insertion of data. These tools include application programs for
manipulating data. The database engine includes one or more programs of
instructions for controlling the processor, and the database includes a
plurality of storage locations in the memory for storing data.
The computerized database may be implemented on a personal computer. For
example, as noted, the 4th Dimension database program may be implemented
on the Apple Macintosh personal computer, manufactured by Apple Computer,
Inc. The personal computer may be operated on a network with other
processing systems such as personal computers or mainframe computers.
Different portions of the database system may be located on different
processing systems on the network with the cooperation of the different
processing systems being transparent to the user. Multiple users, using
the same processing system or different processing systems on a network,
may access data in the database. A master copy of the database may be
maintained in a personal computer configured as a server. The master copy
is accessible by users of personal computers configured as clients to the
server. Data may be conveyed between users or between client and server
for information, for approval, or for other reasons.
Users of a database system, such as the 4th Dimension database program, may
write "externals", or external programs, for manipulating data in the
database. An external may be, for example, a program of instructions in a
programming language such as C or Pascal which allows the user to add
operational features to the database. Such externals may be accessed or
called by applications programs of the 4th Dimension database system.
Also, such externals may access portions of the operating system of the
personal computer. For example, an external operating on a Macintosh
computer in conjunction with a 4th Dimension database located on the
Macintosh computer may access the Macintosh System 7 operating system for
manipulating data in the database.
In some applications, there is a need to provide information about
miscellaneous database events to one or more persons or organizations.
Such information may be text, graphics or other content. The information
may notify the recipient of another user's database entry, the application
of a digital signature, or other event.
Many processing systems provide electronic mail, or e-mail utilities for
communicating messages or files among users on a network. Electronic mail
is a form of store and forward messaging in which the recipient need not
be present or active when the message is sent. The message will be stored
on the network and forwarded to the user when the recipient is available.
Electronic mail systems generally provide for sending a text message
and/or one or more files to one or more recipients. Other recipients may
be designated to receive "carbon copies" of the message or files. Still
other recipients may be designated to receive "blind carbon copies" of the
message or files.
For example, Apple Computer, Inc. provides AppleMail.TM. and PowerTalk.TM.
software enabling messaging and electronic mail. These capabilities are
part of a broader technology known as the Apple Open Collaboration
Environment (AOCE.TM.).
Despite the availability of communication tools for users of processing
systems, there remains a need for communicating information among users of
a database system operated on the processing system. In particular, there
is a need for a way to provide automatic notification of the occurrence of
miscellaneous events within the database environment to one or more users
who may be interested in those events.
For example, in an inventory and purchasing system, a purchase order may be
prepared within the database and provided electronically to the preparer's
supervisor for authorization. There is a need to automatically inform the
supervisor that the purchase order is awaiting attention, even at times
that the supervisor is not actively using the database. After
authorization by the supervisor, there may be a need to automatically
inform the preparer of this fact and to inform other interested users,
such as users responsible for accounting and purchasing.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a method for supporting mail services from
within a database application. The database system stores data, the data
being accessible by a plurality of users, the data being stored in a
plurality of data formats. The plurality of data formats includes a first
data format. The method comprises the steps of periodically reading a
predetermined storage location within the database, detecting a data
structure stored in the predetermined storage location and reading the
data structure. The method further comprises the steps of converting the
data structure from the first data format to a second data format and
providing the indication to at least one user of the plurality of users,
the indication including a least a portion of the data structure.
The present invention is particularly adapted for use with the 4th
Dimension database system available from Acius, Inc., operated on a
Macintosh personal computer, available from Apple Computer, Inc.
A daemon process, or pseudo user may be created to operate in a programming
loop, repetitively watching for the occurrence of a predetermined event
within the 4th Dimension database. For example, the predetermined event
may be receipt or approval of a previously prepared document. Occurrence
of the predetermined event results in the writing of a record in a table
in the database. The daemon process detects this record, reads the record,
and prepares an electronic mail message. The message is passed to the
electronic mail routines that are a part of the Macintosh operating
system.
It is, therefore, an advantage of the present invention to provide
automatic electronic mail notification to users of processing systems on a
network. The notification may consist of computer files, text messages or
text messages with one or more enclosures. The files may consist of audio,
video, pictures, text or combinations of these.
It is a further advantage of the present invention to provide electronic
notification to a single recipient or a group of recipients. It is a
further advantage to provide "carbon copies" to individuals or groups and
"blind carbon copies" to individuals or groups.
Further advantages and features of the present invention will be apparent
from the following specification and claims when considered in connection
with the accompanying drawings illustrating the preferred embodiment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating a network of processing
systems in which the present invention may be used.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating a processing system in
which the method of the present invention maybe used.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the method of the present invention.
For purposes of clarity and ease in understanding the present invention,
like elements will be identified by like reference numerals in the various
drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating a network 10 of
processing systems 12, 14, 16, 18 in which the present invention may be
used. The network 10 may also include other processing systems and other
processing equipment, such as printers or modems (not shown in FIG. 1).
Each of the processing systems 12, 14, 16, 18 is coupled with a connecting
network 20 and is configured for communicating over the connecting network
20 with other components of the network 10, such as other processing
systems as well as printers or modems.
As indicated in FIG. 1, each of the processing systems 12, 14, 16, 18 is
preferably a Macintosh personal computer, available from Apple Computer,
Inc. Each of the processing systems 12, 14, 16, 18 is preferably running
the 4th Dimension database system available from Acius, Inc. However, one
or more of the processing systems 12, 14, 16, 18 could be other than a
Macintosh or could include application programs other than the 4th
Dimension database system. The Macintosh personal computers which form the
processing systems 12, 14, 16, 18 each include a processor 12a, 14a, 16a,
18a and a memory 12b, 14b, 16b, 18b. The processor 12a, 14a, 16a, 18a
operates according to programs of instruction stored in the memory 12b,
14b, 16b, 18b. The structure and operation of the processing systems 12,
14, 16, 18 will be discussed in greater detail in conjunction with FIG. 2.
As can be seen in FIG. 1, the network 10 preferably is organized in a
client-server configuration. The processing system 12 operates as the
server and the processing systems 14, 16, 18 each operate as clients. The
server and associated clients each preferably run substantially identical
software programs. However, the server stores data which is commonly used
by each of the clients, and provides additional control features for the
network 10. Preferably, the network 10 operates according to the PowerTalk
System Software, sold by Apple Computer, Inc. as part of the Apple Open
Collaboration Environment (AOCE). Moreover, preferably the processing
system 12 which is operated as a server implements the PowerShare
Collaboration Server software to provide mail, messaging, and catalog
services to the network 10.
The processing system 18 is preferably configured to execute a daemon
process. Whereas the processing systems 14, 16 are operated by users and
require human intervention for operation, the daemon process 18 generally
operates only under software control and without human intervention. The
daemon process 18 may be given a network identifier, such as "PRIME." The
processing systems 14, 16 may also be given network identifiers such as
"Client 1" and "Client 2," which uniquely identify the processing systems
14, 16 on the network 10.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating a processing system 24
for use with the present invention. For example, the processing system 24
may implement one or more of the processing systems 12, 14, 16, 18 of FIG.
1. In FIG. 2, the processing system 24 includes a Macintosh operating
system 26, a 4th Dimension database 28, a 4th Dimension database engine
30, and 4th Dimension database applications 32. Each of these may include
one or more programs of instruction for controlling a personal computer
which implements the present invention.
The Macintosh operating system 26 is an industry standard control program
for controlling the Apple Macintosh computer. As is well known, the
Macintosh operating system 26 provides control programs for manipulating
files, displaying data, communicating with other devices and other
system-level operations. The Macintosh operating system 26 includes
functions or subroutines which are programs of instructions which may be
called by other programs to perform standard operations on data or files.
The Macintosh operating system 26 preferably includes an Apple Open
Collaboration Environment (AOCE) portion 34. AOCE portion 34 is a group of
programs available from Apple Computer, Inc., which allow messaging,
electronic mail and other operations among a network 10 of processing
systems (FIG. 1) such as the processing system 24. For example, the
plurality of processing systems may be coupled together on a local area
network such as network 10. The AOCE portion 34 allows data and other
information to be conveyed on the connecting network 20 (FIG. 1) among the
processing systems of the network 10. The AOCE portion 34 includes a
messaging portion 36 for controlling receipt, transmission and formatting
of messages between the processing system 24 and other processing systems,
and a digital signature portion 38.
The messaging portion 36 includes utility programs for implementing an
electronic mail system on the processing system 24. For example, the
messaging portion 36 may receive a text string which forms a message to be
communicated from the user of the processing system 24 to one or more
users of other processing systems on the network 10 (FIG. 1). Also, the
messaging portion 36 may receive one or more files which may be
communicated with a message to another user on the network 10.
Alternatively, the messaging portion 36 may transmit one or more files
with no message content. Still further, the messaging portion 36 may
receive electronic mail messages from the network and provide them in a
format understandable to the user of the processing system 24. The
messaging portion 36 may comprise the AppleMail electronic mail program
available from Apple Computer, Inc.
The messaging portion 36 preferably receives a plurality of data structures
which define the elements of an electronic mail message. These data
structures include the following: the subject or heading of the message;
the identifier of the sender of the message; a list of one or more
recipients of the message; a list of one or more "carbon copies" of the
message; a list of one or more "blind carbon copies" of the message; a
list of files to add to the message as enclosures and the enclosure files
themselves. The data structures may be provided to the messaging portion
36 by a user interaction with an electronic mail program such as
AppleMail, or by one or more applications programs running on the
processing system 24. The messaging portion 36 combines the received data
structures to produce an electronic mail message having a format
recognized by other processing systems. The electronic mail message is
then conveyed from the processing system 24 to the specified recipients.
The Macintosh operating system 26 has particular facilities for processing
graphical data. The Macintosh computer has a graphical user interface.
Thus, graphical data such as pictures are important to the programs needed
to communicate with users. For example, the Macintosh computer includes
QuickDraw.TM., an application program interface built into the Macintosh
operating system 26 that defines object-oriented graphic routines so that
graphics, windows and menus can be displayed on-screen in the same way by
any application program. QuickDraw has routines for drawing lines,
circles, defining colors, drawing text and so forth. Using QuickDraw
calls, an application can create an image on an output device, such as a
monitor or printer. To save graphical images, the Macintosh operating
system 26 recognizes a PICT data structure and a PICT file format. The
PICT file format is an object-oriented graphic file format that draws on
information available in the Macintosh computer's QuickDraw toolbox. The
PICT data structure provides a way to save graphical data in a form that
is accessible by any other program that might need to use it.
The 4th Dimension database 28 and the 4th Dimension database engine 30
together form a database management system. The 4th Dimension database 28
stores a collection of related information about a subject, organized in a
useful manner. The 4th Dimension database engine 30 is a database
management program that provides tools for retrieving, modifying, deleting
and inserting data in the 4th Dimension database 28. For example, the 4th
Dimension database 28 may store inventory information, including a list of
stocked parts and an associated list of on-hand quantities of each stocked
part. The 4th Dimension database engine 30 includes tools, such as
programs of instructions, for manipulating the data in the 4th Dimension
database 28. For example, the 4th Dimension database engine 30 may include
a program to allow sorting of the inventory information according to
different criteria.
The 4th Dimension database applications 32 include custom programs known as
applications which control the 4th Dimension database engine 30 to
accomplish a specific purpose. For example, one application might
implement an inventory purchasing system. Such an application would access
inventory information stored in the 4th Dimension database 28 using the
tools provided by the 4th Dimension database engine 30. The application
monitors inventory levels for specific parts. When inventory falls below a
predetermined level which is defined in the application, the application
prepares a purchase order in response to a low inventory condition.
4th Dimension externals 40 are programs written in a language such as C or
Pascal which allow the addition of operational features to the 4th
Dimension database system. In particular, 4th Dimension externals 40 may
access software routines and other tools in the Macintosh operating system
26, including the messaging portion 36. 4th Dimension externals 40 may
themselves be called or accessed by one or more applications in the 4th
Dimension database applications 32.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the method of the present invention.
The method begins at step 48. At step 50 it is initially determined if the
network addresses for users, such as the recipient of a mail message to be
sent, have previously been stored. If user names have not been stored, the
method continues at step 52 where the user is prompted to provide a
recipient name. For example, this may be a graphical prompting process in
which a prompt message is provided to the user along with a list or
graphical display of AOCE addresses. Each user on an AOCE-AppleTalk
network is identified by an address which may be selected or designated by
the user.
At step 54, the recipient's AOCE address is obtained. The AOCE address is a
unique identifier which identifies the processing system of the recipient
on the network. For example, in FIG. 1, processing system 14 may have an
AOCE address corresponding to "Client 1" and processing system 18 may have
an AOCE address corresponding to "PRIME." At step 56, the recipient's AOCE
address is stored within a PICT data structure. At step 58, the PICT data
structure is stored within a 4th Dimension picture variable, and at step
60, the 4th Dimension picture variable is stored in the 4th Dimension
database 28 (FIG. 2).
Steps 52-60 may be repeated to load and store AOCE addresses for all
potential recipients of electronic mail messages on the network. Steps
52-60 may be repeated, as indicated by the dashed line in FIG. 3, until
all user addresses are stored as 4th Dimension picture variables in the
4th Dimension database.
After user addresses have been stored, or if at step 50, the user addresses
were already stored, the method continues at step 62. At step 62, a
predetermined storage location is read to determine, in step 64, if a data
structure has been stored in the predetermined storage location. If no
data structure has been stored in the predetermined storage location,
operation remains in the loop comprising steps 62 and 64 until a data
structure is read in the predetermined storage location.
Preferably, the loop comprising steps 62 and 64 is performed by a daemon
process such as processing system 18 in FIG. 1. While the daemon process
may have other functions, it preferably runs in a loop and watches for
records to appear in the predetermined storage location. The predetermined
storage location may be one or more storage locations or a table of
storage locations within the "master copy" of the 4th Dimension database
maintained at the server processing system 12 (FIG. 1), or may be any
other previously defined storage location or locations on the network.
As envisioned by the preferred embodiment of the present invention, one or
more 4th Dimension application programs or 4th Dimension externals writes
a record into the predetermined storage location or table upon the
occurrence of a predetermined event within the database system. For
example, in the case where the database system implements an inventory and
purchasing system, a purchase order may be prepared within the database
using a database application program or external. After preparation, the
purchase order is provided electronically to the preparer's supervisor for
authorization. In this example, communication of the purchase order to the
supervisor is the predetermined event. After the database application
program or external conveys the purchase order to the supervisor, the
application program or external writes a record to the predetermined
storage location. The daemon process processing system, running in a loop
comprising steps 62 and 64, detects this record and, in response,
automatically informs the supervisor that the purchase order is awaiting
attention. The daemon process processing system 18 (FIG. 1) automatically
prepares an electronic mail message and conveys the electronic mail
message to the supervisor to provide an indication of the occurrence of
the event. Similarly, after the supervisor has authorized the purchase
order, for example by attaching a digital signature to the purchase order,
the application program or external again writes a record to the
predetermined storage location. Again, the daemon process processing
system which is running in the loop comprising steps 62 and 64 detects
this record and automatically prepares an electronic mail message to the
preparer of the purchase order and any other users who may be interested
in the event. For example, notification might be provided to users
responsible for accounting and purchasing.
Preferably, the record which is written to the predetermined storage
location by the application program or external includes information
needed to prepare the electronic mail message. Preferably, the record
includes a list of recipients of the electronic mail message, including
"carbon copy" recipients and "blind carbon copy" recipients. Also,
preferably the record includes the text of a message to be conveyed to the
recipients. The record may also include one or more files to be attached
to the electronic mail message as "enclosures." Thus, the indication of
the occurrence of the predetermined event within the database system
includes at least a portion of the record or data structure written to the
predetermined storage location. Alternatively, however, the record could
only indirectly identify the message and its recipients, for example, by
consisting of a pointer to a storage location containing a predetermined
message and group of recipients.
The method continues at step 66, where the list of recipients of the
electronic mail message to be prepared is read from the predetermined
storage location. This list may be in any data format. At step 68, the
list of recipients is converted to a PICT data format and encapsulated in
a 4th Dimension picture. The 4th Dimension picture is stored in a
predetermined storage location. At step 70, the list of "carbon copy"
recipients of the message to be prepared is read from the predetermined
storage location, and at step 72 this list is converted to PICT data and
stored as a 4th Dimension picture. At step 74, the list of "blind carbon
copy" recipients of the message to be prepared is read from the
predetermined storage location, and at step 76 this list is converted to
PICT data and stored in the database as a 4th Dimension picture. Due to
the way that the 4th Dimension database system is arranged, arbitrary BLOB
(binary large object) data, such as lists of recipient AOCE addresses and
enclosure files, must be stored within the 4th Dimension database as
picture variables.
At step 78, the text which forms the message of the electronic mail message
to be formatted is read from the predetermined storage location. This data
is then stored as a text variable in the database. At step 80, the list of
enclosures and the enclosures themselves are read from the predetermined
storage location and converted to PICT data which is encapsulated in a 4th
Dimension picture, and stored in the database. The enclosures may be
computer files having a predetermined format or may be random data,
consisting of digital representations of audio, video, pictures or text
data.
At step 84, it is determined whether the e-mail message to be prepared will
contain a single enclosure. If this is the case, at step 86, the picture
containing the enclosure data is read and the enclosure data is extracted
from the picture. At step 88, the picture variables containing the
recipient data, the "carbon copy" data and the "blind carbon copy" data
are retrieved and the PICT data corresponding to each of these is
extracted from the picture. At step 90, an electronic mail message is
formatted using the recipient, "carbon copy" and "blind carbon copy" data,
if provided, and the enclosure data. Thus, recipients will receive
automatic notification from "PRIME" and know that the message was
automatically generated by the database system to distinguish the message
from messages generated by other users.
At step 92, it is determined if the message to be conveyed has more than a
single enclosure. If this condition is true, at step 94 the enclosure data
is extracted from the previously stored picture containing the enclosure
data. At step 96, the message to be conveyed to the recipient is extracted
from the previously stored picture containing the message data. At step
98, the recipient, "carbon copy" and "blind carbon copy" data is extracted
from the previously stored pictures containing this data. At step 100, an
electronic mail message is conveyed to the recipients defined by the
recipient, "carbon copy" and "blind carbon copy" data. The message
includes the message data as a text message and the enclosure data as the
enclosure information accompanying the message. Preferably, the message is
transmitted to the recipients by conveying the data defining the
recipients and the enclosure data to electronic mail routines which are
part of the Macintosh operating system. In addition, the "sender" of the
electronic mail message is listed as the daemon process "PRIME" which is
also the name used for the database application.
At step 102, if the message to be conveyed does not include enclosures, but
is merely to include a textual message to the recipient, the message data
is extracted from the previously stored 4th Dimension picture. At step
104, the recipient data, the "carbon copy" data and the "blind carbon
copy" data are extracted from the previously stored pictures. At step 106,
the electronic mail message is conveyed to the recipients defined by the
recipient, "carbon copy" and "blind carbon copy" data with the message
data defining the message. Preferably, the message is transmitted to the
recipients by conveying the data defining the recipients and the enclosure
data to electronic mail routines which are part of the Macintosh operating
system. In addition, the "sender" of the electronic mail message is listed
as the daemon process "PRIME" which is also the name used for the database
application.
As can be seen from the foregoing, the present invention provides a method
for automatically providing an indication of the occurrence of a
predetermined event within a database system to one or more users of the
database system. The system is especially adapted for use with Macintosh
computers operating in conjunction with the 4th Dimension database system.
The method uses features of the 4th Dimension database system, such as
picture data format and picture variables, along with features of the
Macintosh operating system, such as PowerTalk, to manipulate data and
format the data for electronic mailing to one or more recipients. The
method advantageously provides notification of the occurrence of
conditions such as the provision of a digital signature or the occurrence
of a database entry which requires a user who is not logged in to the
database to respond in a timely and appropriate way. In addition, the
method allows use of a common data transport mechanism, electronic mail,
that in turn allows all electronic mail users, whether local or remote, to
receive information concerning data events and results taking place within
a database environment. Moreover, the method allows completion of a
"paperless" office loop that provides the ability to notify users of
events occurring within a database, further work to be performed, or other
appropriate action, without the need to manually generate a separate
electronic mail memorandum or manually telephone another individual to
inform him of the event. Still further, the method allows automation of
many processes that require communication between individuals based on
time-dependent activities.
It is to be understood that, while the detailed drawings and specific
examples given describe preferred embodiments of the invention, they are
for the purpose of illustration only, that the apparatus of the invention
is not limited to the precise details and conditions disclosed, and
various changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of
the invention which is defined by the following claims.
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