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Claims  |
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We claim:
1. An azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of
about 1-80 weight percent 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane and about 20-99
weight percent 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane wherein said composition has a
vapor pressure of 15.1 to about 17 psia when the temperature is adjusted
to 25.degree. C.; about 1-60 weight percent 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane
and about 40-99 weight percent (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 wherein said
composition has a vapor pressure of 17 to about 18.5 psia when the
temperature is adjusted to 25.degree. C.; about 1-40 weight percent
1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane and about 60-99 weight percent
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane wherein said composition has a vapor pressure
of about 15 psia when the temperature is adjusted to 25.degree. C.; about
1-10 weight percent 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane and about 90-99 weight
percent (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 wherein said composition has a vapor
pressure of about 17 psia when the temperature is adjusted to 25.degree.
C.; 11-99 weight percent 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane and 1-89 weight
percent 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane wherein said composition has a vapor
pressure of 17 to about 20 psia when the temperature has been adjusted to
25.degree. C.; or 1-99 weight percent 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane and
1-99 weight percent (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 wherein said composition
has a vapor pressure of 17.1 to about 21.4 psia when the temperature has
been adjusted to 25.degree. C.
2. An azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of
about 1-80 weight percent 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane and about 20-99
weight percent 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane; about 1-60 weight percent
1,1,2,2,3 -pentafluoropropane and about 40-99 weight percent
(CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 ; about 1- less than 40 weight percent
1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane and greater than 60 to about 99 weight
percent 1,1,1,4,4,-hexafluorobutane; about 1-10 weight percent
1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane and about 90-99 weight percent
(CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 ; 11-99 weight percent
1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane and 1-89 weight percent
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane; or 1-99 weight percent
1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane and 1-99 weight percent (CF.sub.3).sub.2
CHCH.sub.3, wherein at 25.degree. C. said composition has a vapor pressure
that is higher than the vapor pressure of the individual components at
25.degree. C.
3. A process for producing refrigeration comprising condensing a
composition of claims 1 or 2 and thereafter evaporating said composition
in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
4. A process for producing heat comprising condensing a composition of
claims 1 or 2 in the vicinity of a body to be heated, and thereafter
evaporating said composition. |
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Claims |
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Description |
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to compositions that include pentafluoropropane.
These compositions are useful as cleaning agents, expansion agents for
polyolefins and polyurethanes, aerosol propellants, refrigerants, heat
transfer media, gaseous dielectrics, fire extinguishing agents, power
cycle working fluids, polymerization media, particulate removal fluids,
carrier fluids, buffing abrasive agents, and displacement drying agents.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Fluorinated hydrocarbons have many uses, one of which is as a refrigerant.
Such refrigerants include dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and
chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22).
In recent years it has been pointed out that certain kinds of fluorinated
hydrocarbon refrigerants released into the atmosphere may adversely affect
the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this proposition has not yet been
completely established, there is a movement toward the control of the use
and the production of certain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) under an international agreement.
Accordingly, there is a demand for the development of refrigerants that
have a lower ozone depletion potential than existing refrigerants while
still achieving an acceptable performance in refrigeration applications.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been suggested as replacements for CFCs and
HCFCs since HFCs have no chlorine and therefore have zero ozone depletion
potential.
In refrigeration applications, a refrigerant is often lost during operation
through leaks in shaft seals, hose connections, soldered joints and broken
lines. In addition, the refrigerant may be released to the atmosphere
during maintenance procedures on refrigeration equipment. If the
refrigerant is not a pure component or an azeotropic or azeotrope-like
composition, the refrigerant composition may change when leaked or
discharged to the atmosphere from the refrigeration equipment, which may
cause the refrigerant to become flammable or to have poor refrigeration
performance.
Accordingly, it is desirable to use as a refrigerant a single fluorinated
hydrocarbon or an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition that includes
one or more fluorinated hydrocarbons.
Fluorinated hydrocarbons may also be used as a cleaning agent or solvent to
clean, for example, electronic circuit boards. It is desirable that the
cleaning agents be azeotropic or azeotrope-like because in vapor
degreasing operations the cleaning agent is generally redistilled and
reused for final rinse cleaning.
Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions that include a fluorinated
hydrocarbon are also useful as blowing agents in the manufacture of
closed-cell polyurethane, phenolic and thermoplastic foams, as propellants
in aerosols, as heat transfer media, gaseous dielectrics, fire
extinguishing agents, power cycle working fluids such as for heat pumps,
inert media for polymerization reactions, fluids for removing particulates
from metal surfaces, as carrier fluids that may be used, for example, to
place a fine film of lubricant on metal parts, as buffing abrasive agents
to remove buffing abrasive compounds from polished surfaces such as metal,
as displacement drying agents for removing water, such as from jewelry or
metal parts, as resist developers in conventional circuit manufacturing
techniques including chlorine-type developing agents, or as strippers for
photoresists when used with, for example, a chlorohydrocarbon such as
1,1,1-trichloroethane or trichloroethylene.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the discovery of compositions of
pentafluoropropane and a fluoropropane such as tetrafluoropropane,
trifluoropropane, difluoropropane or fluoropropane;
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane; (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 ;
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane; a hydrocarbon such as butane,
cyclopropane, isobutane, propane; or propylene; or dimethyl ether. These
compositions are useful as refrigerants, cleaning agents, expansion agents
for polyolefins and polyurethanes, aerosol propellants, heat transfer
media, gaseous dielectrics, fire extinguishing agents, power cycle working
fluids, polymerization media, particulate removal fluids, carrier fluids,
buffing abrasive agents, and displacement drying agents. Further, the
invention relates to the discovery of binary azeotropic or azeotrope-like
compositions comprising effective amounts of pentafluoropropane and a
fluoropropane such as tetrafluoropropane, trifluoropropane,
difluoropropane or fluoropropane; 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane;
(CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 ; 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane; a
hydrocarbon such as butane, cyclopropane, isobutane, propane or propylene;
or dimethyl ether to form an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and HFC-245eb at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and HFC-263fb at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and HFC-272ca at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and HFC-272ea at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and HFC-356mff at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and HFC-356mmz at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 7 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and butane at 20.degree. C.;
FIG. 8 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and cyclopropane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 9 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and isobutane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 10 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ca and propane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 11 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and HFC-245eb at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 12 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and HFC-254ca at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 13 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and HFC-272ea at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 14 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and HFC-281ea at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 15 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and HFC-281fa at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 16 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and butane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 17 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and cyclopropane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 18 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and DME at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 19 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and isobutane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 20 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and propane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 21 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245cb and propylene at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 22 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ea and HFC-272ca at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 23 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ea and HFC-272ea at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 24 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ea and HFC-356mff at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 25 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ea and HFC-356mmz at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 26 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ea and HFC-4310mee at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 27 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ea and butane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 28 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ea and cyclopropane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 29 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ea and isobutane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 30 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245ea and propane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 31 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245eb and HFC-263ca at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 32 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245eb and HFC-263fb at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 33 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245eb and HFC-356mff at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 34 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245eb and HFC-356mmz at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 35 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245eb and butane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 36 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245eb and cyclopropane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 37 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245eb and isobutane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 38 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245eb and propane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 39 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245fa and HFC-263ca at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 40 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245fa and HFC-272ca at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 41 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245fa and HFC-272fb at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 42 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245fa and butane at 25.degree. C.;
FIG. 43 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245fa and cyclopropane at 25.degree. C.; and
FIG. 44 is a graph of the vapor/liquid equilibrium curve for mixtures of
HFC-245fa and isobutane at 25.degree. C.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention relates to compositions of pentafluoropropane and a
fluorinated propane having from 1 to 5 fluorine atoms; a hydrocarbon
having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms; 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane;
(CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 ; dimethyl ether (DME); or
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane.
As used herein, pentafluoropropane includes 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane
(HFC-245ca), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245cb),
1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ea), 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane
(HFC-245eb) and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa). As used herein,
a fluorinated propane having from 1 to 5 fluorine atoms includes
1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245eb), 1,2,2,3-tetrafluoropropane
(HFC-254ca), 1,2,2-trifluoropropane (HFC-263ca), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane
(HFC-263fb), 2,2-difluoropropane (HFC-272ca), 1,2-difluoropropane
(HFC-272ea), 1,1-difluoropropane (HFC-272fb), 2-fluoropropane (HFC-281ea)
and 1-fluoropropane (HFC-281fa). As used herein, a hydrocarbon having from
1 to 5 carbon atoms includes butane, cyclopropane, isobutane, propane and
propylene.
Examples of these compositions include:
(a) HFC-245ca and HFC-245eb, HFC-263fb, HFC-272ca, HFC-272ea,
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane (HFC-356mff), (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.3
(HFC-356mmz), butane, cyclopropane, isobutane or propane;
(b) HFC-245cb and HFC-245eb, HFC-254ca, HFC-272ea, HFC-281ea, HFC-281fa,
butane, cyclopropane, DME, isobutane, propane or propylene;
(c) HFC-245ea and HFC-272ca, HFC-272ea, HFC-356mff, HFC-356mmz,
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane (HFC-4310mee), butane, cyclopropane,
isobutane or propane;
(d) HFC-245eb and HFC-263ca, HFC-263fb, HFC-356mff, HFC-356mmz, butane,
cyclopropane, isobutane or propane; or
(e) HFC-245fa and HFC-263ca, HFC-272ca, HFC-272fb, butane, cyclopropane or
isobutane.
1-99 wt. % of each of the components of the compositions can be used as
refrigerants. Further, the present invention also relates to the discovery
of azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions of effective amounts of each
of the above mixtures to form an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition.
By "azeotropic" composition is meant a constant boiling liquid admixture of
two or more substances that behaves as a single substance. One way to
characterize an azeotropic composition is that the vapor produced by
partial evaporation or distillation of the liquid has the same composition
as the liquid from which it was evaporated or distilled, that is, the
admixture distills/refluxes without compositional change. Constant boiling
compositions are characterized as azeotropic because they exhibit either a
maximum or minimum boiling point, as compared with that of the
non-azeotropic mixtures of the same components.
By "azeotrope-like" composition is meant a constant boiling, or
substantially constant boiling, liquid admixture of two or more substances
that behaves as a single substance. One way to characterize an
azeotrope-like composition is that the vapor produced by partial
evaporation or distillation of the liquid has substantially the same
composition as the liquid from which it was evaporated or distilled, that
is, the admixture distills/refluxes without substantial composition
change. Another way to characterize an azeotrope-like composition is that
the bubble point vapor pressure and the dew point vapor pressure of the
composition at a particular temperature are substantially the same.
It is recognized in the art that a composition is azeotrope-like if, after
50 weight percent of the composition is removed such as by evaporation or
boiling off, the difference in vapor pressure between the original
composition and the composition remaining after 50 weight percent of the
original composition has been removed is less than 10 percent, when
measured in absolute units. By absolute units, it is meant measurements of
pressure and, for example, psia, atmospheres, bars, torr, dynes per square
centimeter, millimeters of mercury, inches of water and other equivalent
terms well known in the art. If an azeotrope is present, there is no
difference in vapor pressure between the original composition and the
composition remaining after 50 weight percent of the original composition
has been removed.
Therefore, included in this invention are compositions of effective amounts
of
(a) HFC-245ca and HFC-245eb, HFC-263fb, HFC-272ca, HFC-272ea, HFC-356mff,
HFC-356mmz, butane, cyclopropane, isobutane or propane;
(b) HFC-245cb and HFC-245eb, HFC-254ca, HFC-272ea, HFC-281ea, HFC-281fa,
butane, cyclopropane, DME, isobutane, propane or propylene;
(c) HFC-245ea and HFC-272ca, HFC-272ea, HFC-356mff, HFC-356mmz,
HFC-4310mee, butane, cyclopropane, isobutane or propane;
(d) HFC-245eb and HFC-263ca, HFC-263fb, HFC-356mff, HFC-356mmz, butane,
cyclopropane, isobutane or propane; or
(e) HFC-245fa and HFC-263ca, HFC-272ca, HFC-272fb, butane, cyclopropane or
isobutane;
such that after 50 weight percent of an original composition is evaporated
or boiled off to produce a remaining composition, the difference in the
vapor pressure between the original composition and the remaining
composition is 10 percent or less.
For compositions that are azeotropic, there is usually some range of
compositions around the azeotrope point that, for a maximum boiling
azeotrope, have boiling points at a particular pressure higher than the
pure components of the composition at that pressure and have vapor
pressures at a particular temperature lower than the pure components of
the composition at that temperature, and that, for a minimum boiling
azeotrope, have boiling points at a particular pressure lower than the
pure components of the composition at that pressure and have vapor
pressures at a particular temperature higher than the pure components of
the composition at that temperature. Boiling temperatures and vapor
pressures above or below that of the pure components are caused by
unexpected intermolecular forces between and among the molecules of the
compositions, which can be a combination of repulsive and attractive
forces such as van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding.
The range of compositions that have a maximum or minimum boiling point at a
particular pressure, or a maximum or minimum vapor pressure at a
particular temperature, may or may not be coextensive with the range of
compositions that have a change in vapor pressure of less than about 10%
when 50 weight percent of the composition is evaporated. In those cases
where the range of compositions that have maximum or minimum boiling
temperatures at a particular pressure, or maximum or minimum vapor
pressures at a particular temperature, are broader than the range of
compositions that have a change in vapor pressure of less than about 10%
when 50 weight percent of the composition is evaporated, the unexpected
intermolecular forces are nonetheless believed important in that the
refrigerant compositions having those forces that are not substantially
constant boiling may exhibit unexpected increases in the capacity or
efficiency versus the components of the refrigerant composition.
The vapor pressure of the components at 25.degree. C. are:
______________________________________
Components Psia kPa
______________________________________
HFC-245ca 14.2 98
HFC-245cb 67.4 465
HFC-245ea 8.62 59
HFC-245eb 16.9 117
HFC-245fa 21.4 148
HFC-263fb 54.0 372
HFC-272ca 34.5 238
HFC-272ea 20.8 143
HFC-356mff 14.7 101
HFC-356mmz 16.6 114
butane 35.2 243
cyclopropane 105.0 724
isobutane 50.5 348
propane 137.8 950
HFC-254ca 13.7 94
HFC-28lea 47.1 325
HFC-281fa 37.7 260
DME 85.7 591
propylene 165.9 1144
HFC-4310mee 4.36 30
HFC-263ca 18.2 125
HFC-272fb 26.5 183
______________________________________
Substantially constant boiling, azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions
of this invention comprise the following (all compositions are measured at
25.degree. C.):
______________________________________
WEIGHT
RANGES PREFERRED
COMPONENTS (wt. %/wt %) (wt. %./wt. %)
______________________________________
HFC-245ca/HFC-245eb
1-99/1-99 30-99/1-70
HFC-245ca/HFC-263fb
1-36/64-99 1-36/64-99
HFC-245ca/HFC-272ca
1-55/45-99 1-55/45-99
HFC-245ca/HFC-272ea
1-99/1-99 1-99/1-99
HFC-245ca/HFC-356mff
1-99/1-99 1-80/20-99
HFC-245ca/HFC-356mmz
1-99/1-99 1-80/20-99
HFC-245ca/butane
1-73/27-99 20-73/27-80
HFC-245ca/cyclopropane
1-55/45-99 1-55/45-99
HFC-245ca/isobutane
1-65/35-99 1-65/35-99
HFC-245ca/propane
1-57/43-99 1-57/43-99
HFC-245cb/HFC-245eb
70-99.5/0.5-30
70-99.5/0.5-30
HFC-245cb/HFC-254ca
74-99/1-26 74-99/1-26
HFC-245cb/HFC-272ea
75-99/1-25 75-99/1-25
HFC-245cb/HFC-281ea
1-99/1-99 40-99/1-60
HFC-245cb/HFC-281fa
59-99/1-41 59-99/1-41
HFC-245cb/butane
59-99/1-41 59-99/1-41
HFC-245cb/cyclopropane
1-90/10-99 30-90/10-70
HFC-245cb/DME 1-89/11-99 40-89/11-60
HFC-245cb/isobutane
40-99/1-60 40-99/1-60
HFC-245cb/propane
1-76/24-99 10-76/24-90
HFC-245cb/propylene
1-69/31-99 10-69/31-90
HFC-245ea/HFC-272ca
1-45/55-99 1-45/55-99
HFC-245ea/HFC-272ea
1-55/45-99 1-55/45-99
HFC-245ea/HFC-356mff
1-54/46-99 1-54/46-99
HFC-245ea/HFC-356mmz
145/55-99 1-45/55-99
HFC-245ea/HFC-4310mee
1-56 44-99 1-56/44-99
HFC-245ea/butane
1-65/35-99 1-65/35-99
HFC-245ea/cyclopropane
1-54/46-99 1-54/46-99
HFC-245ea/isobutane
1-62/38-99 1-62/38-99
HFC-245ea/propane
1-57/43-99 1-57/43-99
HFC-245eb/HFC-263ca
1-99/1-99 10-99/1-90
HFC-245eb/HFC-263fb
1-43/57-99 1-43/57-99
HFC-245eb/HFC-356mff
11-99/1-89 11-99/1-89
HFC-245eb/HFC-356mmz
1-99/1-99 1-70/30-99
HFC-245eb/butane
21-71/29-79 21-71/29-79
HFC-245eb/cyclopropane
1-56/44-99 1-56/44-99
HFC-245eb/isobutane
1-66/34-99 1-66/34-99
HFC-245eb/propane
1-57/43-99 1-57/43-99
HFC-245fa/HFC-263ca
1-99/1-99 1-80/20-99
HFC-245fa/HFC-272ca
1-99/1-99 1-99/1-99
HFC-245fa/HFC-272fb
1-99/1-99 1-99/1-99
HFC-245fa/butane
1-78/22-99 1-78/22-99
HFC-245fa/cyclopropane
1-56/44-99 1-56/44-99
HFC-245fa/isobutane
1-70/30-99 1-70/30-99
______________________________________
For purposes of this invention, "effective amount" is defined as the amount
of each component of the inventive compositions which, when combined,
results in the formation of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition.
This definition includes the amounts of each component, which amounts may
vary depending on the pressure applied to the composition so long as the
azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions continue to exist at the
different pressures, but with possible different boiling points.
Therefore, effective amount includes the amounts, such as may be expressed
in weight percentages, of each component of the compositions of the
instant invention which form azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions at
temperatures or pressures other than as described herein.
For the purposes of this discussion, azeotropic or constant-boiling is
intended to mean also essentially azeotropic or essentially-constant
boiling. In other words, included within the meaning of these terms are
not only the true azeotropes described above, but also other compositions
containing the same components in different proportions, which are true
azeotropes at other temperatures and pressures, as well as those
equivalent compositions which are part of the same azeotropic system and
are azeotrope-like in their properties. As is well recognized in this art,
there is a range of compositions which contain the same components as the
azeotrope, which will not only exhibit essentially equivalent properties
for refrigeration and other applications, but which will also exhibit
essentially equivalent properties to the true azeotropic composition in
terms of constant boiling characteristics or tendency not to segregate or
fractionate on boiling.
It is possible to characterize, in effect, a constant boiling admixture
which may appear under many guises, depending upon the conditions chosen,
by any of several criteria:
The composition can be defined as an azeotrope of A, B, C (and D . . . )
since the very term "azeotrope" is at once both definitive and limitative,
and requires that effective amounts of A, B, C (and D . . . ) for this
unique composition of matter which is a constant boiling composition.
It is well known by those skilled in the art, that, at different pressures,
the composition of a given azeotrope will vary at least to some degree,
and changes in pressure will also change, at least to some degree, the
boiling point temperature. Thus, an azeotrope of A, B, C (and D . . . )
represents a unique type of relationship but with a variable composition
which depends on temperature and/or pressure. Therefore, compositional
ranges, rather than fixed compositions, are often used to define
azeotropes.
The composition can be defined as a particular weight percent relationship
or mole percent relationship of A, B, C (and D . . . ), while recognizing
that such specific values point out only one particular relationship and
that in actuality, a series of such relationships, represented by A, B, C
(and D . . . ) actually exist for a given azeotrope, varied by the
influence of pressure.
An azeotrope of A, B, C (and D . . . ) can be characterized by defining the
compositions as an azeotrope characterized by a boiling point at a given
pressure, thus giving identifying characteristics without unduly limiting
the scope of the invention by a specific numerical composition, which is
limited by and is only as accurate as the analytical equipment available.
The azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions of the present invention can
be prepared by any convenient method including mixing or combining the
desired amounts. A preferred method is to weigh the desired component
amounts and thereafter combine them in an appropriate container.
Specific examples illustrating the invention are given below. Unless
otherwise stated therein, all percentages are by weight. It is to be
understood that these examples are merely illustrative and in no way are
to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Phase Study
A phase study shows the following compositions are azeotropic, all at
25.degree. C.
______________________________________
Vapor Press.
Composition No. psia (kPa)
______________________________________
HFC-245ca/HFC-245eb
75.0/25.0 14.1 97
HFC-245ca/HFC-272ca
17.2/82.8 35.8 247
HFC-245ca/HFC-272ea
17.6/82.4 21.1 145
HFC-245ca/HFC-356mff
28.0/72.0 16.9 117
HFC-245ca/HFC-356mmz
21.6/78.4 18.5 128
HFC-245ca/butane 41.9/58.1 40.8 281
HFC-245ca/cyclopropane
12.1/87.9 106.9 737
HFC-245ca/isobutane
30.1/69.9 56.3 388
HFC-245ca/propane
8.8/91.2 139.0 958
HFC-245cb/HFC-272ea
96.5/3.5 68.2 470
HFC-245cb/HFC-281ea
87.7/12.3 70.5 486
HFC-245cb/HFC-281fa
93.4/6.6 68.8 474
HFC-245cb/butane 93.3/6.7 68.5 472
HFC-245cb/cyclopropane
40.8/59.2 110.7 763
HFC-245cb/DME 68.9/31.1 107.0 738
HFC-245cb/isobutane
80.2/19.8 75.1 518
HFC-245cb/propane
24.3/75.7 139.7 963
HFC-245cb/propylene
28.2/71.8 172.9 1192
HFC-245ea/HFC-272ca
8.8/91.2 35.0 241
HFC-245ea/HFC-356mff
12.0/88.0 15.5 107
HFC-245ea/HFC-356mmz
9.4/90.6 17.2 119
HFC-245ea/HFC-4310mee
34.4/65.6 3.50 24
HFC-245ea/butane 28.9/71.1 39.6 273
HFC-245ea/cyclopropane
8.6/91.4 106.4 734
HFC-245ea/isobutane
21.3/78.7 54.3 374
HFC-245ea/propane
5.9/94.1 138.6 956
HFC-245eb/HFC-263ca
26.3/73.7 18.4 127
HFC-245eb/HFC-263fb
6.3/93.7 54.4 375
HFC-245eb/HFC-356mff
45.1/54.9 20.0 138
HFC-245eb/HFC-356mmz
38.5/61.5 21.4 148
HFC-245eb/butane 43.5/56.5 43.5 300
HFC-245eb/cyclopropane
13.6/86.4 107.1 738
HFC-245eb/isobutane
33.5/66.5 57.4 396
HFC-245eb/propane
9.9/90.1 139.1 959
HFC-245fa/HFC-263ca
23.2/76.8 18.0 124
HFC-245fa/HFC-272ca
10.1/89.9 34.6 239
HFC-245fa/butane 48.6/51.4 40.9 282
HFC-245fa/cyclopropane
2.3/97.7 105.1 725
HFC-245fa/isobutane
33.7/66.3 53.9 372
______________________________________
A phase study shows the following compositions are azeotrope-like, all at
25.degree. C.
______________________________________
Vapor Press.
Composition No. psia (kPa)
______________________________________
HFC-245ca/HFC-263fb
1.0/99.0 54.0 372
HFC-245cb/HFC-245eb
99.5/0.5 67.4 465
HFC-245cb/HFC-254ca
98.6/1.4 67.5 465
HFC-245ea/HFC-272ea
5.6/94.4 20.8 143
HFC-245fa/HFC-272fb
3.5/96.5 26.5 183
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
Impact of Vapor Leakage on Vapor Pressure at 25.degree. C.
A vessel is charged with an initial composition at 25.degree. C., and the
initial vapor pressure of the composition is measured. The composition is
allowed to leak from the vessel, while the temperature is held constant at
25.degree. C., until 50 weight percent of the initial composition is
removed, at which time the vapor pressure of the composition remaining in
the vessel is measured. The results are summarized below.
______________________________________
DEL-
INITIAL 50% LEAK TA %
WT % A/WT % B PSIA KPA PSIA KPA P
______________________________________
HFC-245ca/HFC-245eb
75.0/25.0 14.1 97 14.1 97 0.0
90/10 14.2 98 14.2 98 0.0
99/1 14.2 98 14.2 98 0.0
50/50 14.5 100 14.4 99 0.7
30/70 15.3 105 15.1 104 1.3
10/90 16.3 112 16.2 112 0.6
1/99 16.9 117 16.8 116 0.6
HFC-245ca/HFC-263fb
1.0/99.0 54.0 372 54.0 372 0.0
30/70 50.7 350 47.4 327 6.5
35/65 49.7 343 45.1 311 9.3
36/64 49.5 341 44.6 308 9.9
HFC-245ca/HFC-272ca
17.2/82.8 35.8 247 35.8 247 0.0
1/99 34.7 239 34.6 239 0.3
50/50 34.0 234 31.6 218 7.1
55/45 33.4 230 30.1 208 9.9
HFC-245ca/HFC-272ea
17.6/82.4 21.1 145 21.1 145 0.0
1/99 20.8 143 20.8 143 0.0
40/60 20.7 143 20.5 141 1.0
60/40 19.6 135 19.0 131 3.1
80/20 17.6 121 16.7 115 5.1
99/1 14.4 99 14.3 99 0.7
HFC-245ca/HFC-356mff
28.0/72.0 16.9 117 16.9 117 0.0
15/85 16.7 115 16.6 114 0.6
1/99 15.1 104 14.8 102 2.0
60/40 16.2 112 16.0 110 1.2
80/20 15.3 105 15.1 104 1.3
99/1 14.2 98 14.2 98 0.0
HFC-245ca/HFC-356mmz
21.6/78.4 18.5 128 18.5 128 0.0
10/90 18.2 125 18.0 124 1.1
1/99 17.0 117 16.7 115 1.8
60/40 17.1 118 16.6 114 2.9
80/20 15.7 108 15.3 105 2.5
99/1 14.3 99 14.2 98 0.7
HFC-245ca/butane
41.9/58.1 40.8 281 40.8 281 0.0
20/80 39.9 275 38.3 264 4.0
10/90 38.5 265 36.2 250 6.0
1/99 35.7 246 35.3 243 1.1
60/40 40.4 279 39.8 274 1.5
73/27 39.7 274 35.8 247 9.8
74/26 39.6 273 35.0 241 11.6
HFC-245ca/cyclopropane
12.1/87.9 106.9 737 106.9 737 0.0
1/99 105.5 727 105.2 725 0.3
40/60 105.3 726 102.7 708 2.5
55/45 103.2 712 93.4 644 9.5
56/44 102.7 708 92.3 636 10.1
HFC-245ca/isobutane
30.1/69.9 56.3 388 56.3 388 0.0
15/85 55.9 385 54.1 373 3.2
1/99 51.4 354 50.5 348 1.8
50/50 56.0 386 55.2 381 1.4
65/35 55.0 379 49.7 343 9.6
66/34 54.9 379 48.8 336 11.1
HFC-245ca/propane
8.8/91.2 139.0 958 139.0 958 0.0
1/99 138.2 953 138.0 951 0.1
40/60 136.3 940 133.3 919 2.2
50/50 134.8 929 128.0 883 5.0
57/43 133.3 919 120.9 834 9.3
58/42 133.0 917 119.4 823 10.2
HFC-245cb/HFC-245eb
99.5/0.5 67.4 465 67.4 465 0.0
70/30 61.8 426 56.1 387 9.2
69/31 61.6 425 55.4 382 10.1
HFC-245cb/HFC-254ca
98.6/1.4 67.5 465 67.5 465 0.0
99/1 67.5 465 67.5 465 0.0
75/25 63.0 434 57.5 396 8.7
74/26 62.8 433 56.8 392 9.6
HFC-245cb/HFC-272ea
96.5/3.5 68.2 470 68.2 470 0.0
99/1 67.8 467 67.8 467 0.0
80/20 64.9 447 61.1 421 5.9
75/25 63.4 437 57.1 394 9.9
HFC-245cb/HFC-281ea
87.7/12.3 70.5 486 70.5 486 0.0
99/1 68.1 470 67.9 468 0.3
50/50 63.7 439 59.7 412 6.3
40/60 60.8 419 56.1 387 7.7
30/70 57.6 397 52.9 365 8.2
20/80 54.3 374 50.4 347 7.2
1/99 47.5 328 47.3 326 0.4
HFC-245db/HFC-281fa
93.4/6.6 68.8 474 68.8 474 0.0
99/1 67.9 468 67.8 467 0.1
60/40 61.2 422 55.5 383 9.3
59/41 60.8 419 54.9 379 9.7
58/42 60.5 417 54.4 375 10.1
HFC-245cb/butane
93.3/6.7 68.5 472 68.5 472 0.0
99/1 67.7 467 67.7 467 0.0
70/30 64.5 445 61.6 425 4.5
60/40 62.0 427 56.2 387 9.4
59/41 61.7 425 55.6 383 9.9
HFC-245cb/cyclopropane
40.8/59.2 110.7 763 110.7 763 0.0
20/80 109.4 754 108.7 749 0.6
1/99 105.3 726 105.2 725 0.1
70/30 106.6 735 103.4 713 3.0
85/15 97.0 669 88.8 612 8.5
90/10 90.6 625 81.6 563 9.9
91/9 89.1 614 80.1 552 10.1
HFC-245cb/DME
68.9/31.1 107.0 738 107.0 738 0.0
85/15 104.4 720 100.0 689 4.2
89/11 102.1 704 92.2 636 9.7
90/10 101.3 698 89.4 616 11.7
40/60 102.4 706 98.1 676 4.2
20/80 95.2 656 90.2 622 5.3
10/90 90.7 625 87.6 604 3.4
1/99 86.2 594 85.9 592 0.3
HFC-245cb/isobutane
80.2/19.8 75.1 518 75.1 518 0.0
90/10 73.9 510 73.3 505 0.8
99/1 68.6 473 68.1 470 0.7
50/50 70.9 489 66.9 461 5.6
40/60 68.3 471 61.9 427 9.4
HFC-245cb/propane
24.3/75.7 139.7 963 139.7 963 0.0
10/90 139.0 958 138.9 958 0.1
1/99 138.0 951 137.9 951 0.1
50/50 137.3 947 135.7 936 1.2
70/30 129.9 896 122.0 841 6.1
76/24 124.8 860 113.8 785 8.8
77/23 125.6 866 112.1 773 10.7
HFC-245cb/propylene
28.2/71.8 172.9 1192 172.9 1192 0.0
10/90 170.6 1176 169.3 1167 0.8
1/99 166.6 1149 166.2 1146 0.2
60/40 167.0 1151 159.2 1098 4.7
69/31 161.5 1114 145.7 1005 9.8
70/30 160.6 1107 143.7 991 10.5
HFC-245ea/HFC-272ca
8.8/91.2 35.0 241 35.0 241 0.0
1/99 34.6 239 34.6 239 0.0
40/60 33.4 230 31.3 216 6.3
45/55 32.9 227 29.8 205 9.4
46/54 32.8 226 29.5 203 10.1
HFC-245ea/HFC-272ea
5.6/94.4 20.8 143 20.8 143 0.0
1/99 20.8 143 20.8 143 0.0
40/60 19.7 136 18.9 130 4.1
55/45 18.6 128 16.8 116 9.7
56/44 18.5 128 16.6 114 10.3
HFC-245ea/HFC-356mff
12.0/88.0 15.5 107 15.5 107 0.0
1/99 14.9 103 14.8 102 0.7
40/60 14.5 100 13.6 94 6.2
54/46 13.4 92 12.1 83 9.7
55/45 13.3 92 11.9 82 10.5
HFC-245ea/HFC-356mmz
9.4/90.6 17.2 119 17.2 119 0.0
1/99 16.8 116 16.7 115 0.6
40/60 15.8 109 14.5 100 8.2
45/55 15.3 105 13.8 95 9.8
46/54 15.2 105 13.6 94 10.5
HFC-245ea/HFC-4310mee
34.4/65.6 3.50 24 3.50 24 0.0
15/85 3.81 26 3.70 26 2.9
1/99 4.32 30 4.30 30 0.5
50/50 3.77 26 3.58 25 5.0
56/44 4.05 28 3.66 25 9.6
57/43 410 28 3.68 25 10.2
HFC-245ea/butane
28.9/71.1 39.6 273 39.6 | | |
