An image forming apparatus provides a good quality image free from any destaticizing mechanism without toner scattering during transfer and a high quality transfer image invariably. The image forming apparatus also allows fair secondary transfer and prevention of image defects such as hollow character due to a small deformation of a belt material against the stress during driving. An electrostatic latent image formed on an image carrier 1 is rendered visible by a developing apparatus 4 to give a toner image. The toner image, which has primarily been transferred to an intermediate transfer belt 7, is then secondarily transferred to a recording medium P by the action of a bias roll 10. the intermediate transfer belt consists of at least two layers, a substrate having a Young's modulus of not less than 35,000 kg/cm.sup.2 and a surface layer having a volume resistivity of from 10.sup.10 to 10.sup.13 .OMEGA.cm.

A method of forming a film on a substrate using chemical vapor deposition techniques and carboxylate complexes. The complexes and method are particularly suitable for the preparation of semiconductor structures.

A cover for a rotary die is centrifugally cast with multiple layers to substantially eliminate stress when the cover is cast in an arcuate shape for use in a die cutting system. A locking mechanism attached to ends of the cover is designed to be convenient to install on and remove from a cutting cylinder.

A cover for a rotary die is centrifugally cast with multiple layers to substantially eliminate stress when the cover is cast in an arcuate shape for use in a die cutting system. A locking mechanism attached to ends of the cover is designed to be convenient to install on and remove from a cutting cylinder.