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Description  |
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to communications protocols employed within computer systems and, more particularly, to computer systems including multimedia devices that convey data across a bus.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
Computer architectures generally include a plurality of devices interconnected by one or more various buses. For example, modern computer systems typically include a CPU coupled through bridge logic to main memory. The bridge logic also
typically couples to a high bandwidth local expansion bus, such as the peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus or the VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) VL bus. Examples of devices which can be coupled to local expansion buses include
video accelerator cards, audio cards, telephony cards, SCSI adapters, network interface cards, etc. An older type expansion bus is generally coupled to the local expansion bus. Examples of such older type expansion buses included the industry standard
architecture (ISA) bus, also referred to as the AT bus, the extended industry standard architecture (EISA) bus, or the microchannel architecture (MCA) bus. Various devices may be coupled to this second expansion bus, including a fax/modem, sound card,
etc.
Personal computer systems were originally developed for business applications such as word processing and spreadsheets, among others. However, computer systems are currently being used to handle a number of real time applications, including
multimedia applications having video and audio components, video capture and playback, telephony applications, and speech recognition and synthesis, among others. These real time applications typically require a large amount of system resources and
bandwidth.
Unfortunately, computer systems originally designed for business applications are not well suited for the real-time requirements of modern multimedia applications. For example, modern personal computer system architectures still presume that the
majority of applications executing on the computer system are non real-time business applications such as word processing and/or spreadsheet applications, which execute primarily on the main CPU. In general, computer systems have not traditionally been
designed with multimedia hardware as part of the system, and thus the system is not optimized for multimedia applications.
Computer systems which include multimedia hardware are generally required to transfer large amounts of real time or multimedia data between various components. For example, multimedia hardware is typically designed as an add-in card for optional
insertion in an expansion bus of the computer system. Multimedia hardware cards situated on an expansion bus are required to access system memory and other system resources for proper operation. These data transfers occur on the one or more buses
within the system. Thus, bus bandwidth constraints limit the rate of multimedia data transfers. Therefore, an improved computer system is desired which provides increased bandwidth for multimedia data transfers and other data transfers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The problems outlined above are in large part solved by a computer system including one or more real-time multimedia devices that selectively employ a quaternary communications protocol in accordance with the present invention. Quaternary (i.e.,
four-level) signals advantageously convey two binary digits (i.e., bits) of information in the time required to transmit a single bit using binary (i.e., two-level) signals. The use of quaternary signals thus provides increased data transfer efficiency
and reduced bus bandwidth requirements. In one embodiment, the computer system includes a CPU coupled through chip set logic (i.e., bridge logic) to a main memory. The chip set logic also couples to a local expansion bus such as the PCI bus. Various
peripheral devices are connected to the PCI bus, including a video/graphics card, a sound card, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, and a network interface card. Other multimedia devices may further be coupled to the PCI bus as desired. At least two of
the peripheral devices include quaternary interfaces which accommodate the conveyance of quaternary signals across the PCI bus for certain communications. A memory controller for controlling the transfer of data to and from main memory may further
include a quaternary interface.
When a first multimedia peripheral (i.e., a master device) which includes a quaternary interface requests data from or transfers data to a second device (i.e., a target device), the master device requests the bus in a normal fashion using binary
signals. In one embodiment, two handshaking signals are used to signal the presence of quaternary interfaces in both devices. During the address phase of a PCI bus transaction, the master device drives a binary signal conveying the address assigned to
the target device upon the multiplexed address/data lines of the PCI bus. The master device also asserts a "quaternary transmit request" signal upon a first control line added to the PCI bus. The target device responds to the address signal driven upon
the upon address/data lines of the PCI bus. If the target device includes a quaternary interface, the target device responds to the asserted quaternary transmit request signal by asserting a "quaternary transmit acknowledge" signal upon a second control
line added to the PCI bus. If the quaternary transmit request and acknowledge signals are both asserted during the address phase, the master and target devices exchange data during the data phase using quaternary signals. Otherwise the master and
target devices exchange data using conventional binary data signals. Accordingly, the computer system accommodates both quaternary conveyances while being backwards compatible with traditional binary peripherals.
During the data phase of a PCI bus write transaction, data is transferred from the master device to the target device. When using quaternary signals, the master device converts binary data signals to quaternary signals and drives the quaternary
signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus. The target device receives the quaternary signals driven upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus and converts the quaternary signals to binary data signals. During the data phase of a PCI bus read
transaction, data is transferred from the target device to the master device. When using quaternary signals, the target device converts the binary data signals to quaternary signals and drives the quaternary signals upon the address/data lines of the
PCI bus. The master device receives the quaternary signals driven upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus and converts the quaternary signals to binary data signals.
In an alternative embodiment, each quaternary interface includes a configuration memory. The configuration memory stores a list of addresses assigned to other devices coupled to the PCI bus and including quaternary interfaces. Prior to the
address phase of a PCI bus transaction, a master device including such a quaternary interface compares the address of the target device to each of the device addresses stored in the configuration memory of the master device. If a match is found, the
data is exchanged using quaternary signals. The master device asserts a "quaternary transmit" signal upon a control line added to the PCI bus to notify the target device that data is to be exchanged in quaternary form. If no match is found, the data is
exchanged using conventional binary data signals. Again, the computer system accommodates both quaternary conveyances while being backwards compatible with traditional binary peripherals.
Therefore, the present invention accommodates a novel computer system architecture which provides improved efficiency for data transfers and increases the performance of real-time applications. The present invention is also optimized for
real-time applications and provides increased performance over current computer architectures. The computer system of the present invention thus provides much greater performance for real-time and multimedia applications than prior systems.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system including several components coupled to a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) local bus, wherein each of a subset of the components has a quaternary interface in order to transfer data over the
PCI bus using quaternary signals;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a typical component of the computer system of FIG. 1 including an embodiment of the quaternary interface, wherein the component may be memory controller logic of a chip set logic, a video/graphics card, a sound card,
a hard disk drive, a network interface controller, or a CD-ROM drive; and
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an alternate embodiment of the quaternary interface of FIG. 2, wherein the alternate embodiment includes a configuration memory.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative
forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the
particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIG. 1, a block diagram of a computer system 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown. As shown, the computer system 100 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 102 which is coupled through a CPU local
bus 104 to a host/PCI/cache bridge or chip set logic 106. The chip set logic 106 includes memory controller logic 107 as shown.
The chip set logic 106 may include various peripheral logic, including one or more of an interrupt controller system, a real time clock (RTC) and timers, a direct memory access (DMA) system, and ROM/Flash memory (all not shown). The chip set
logic 106 may also include various other peripheral logic, including communications ports, diagnostics ports, command/status registers, and non-volatile static random access memory (NVSRAM).
A second level or L2 cache memory (not shown) may also be coupled to a cache controller in the chip set, as desired. The bridge or chip set logic 106 couples through a memory bus 108 to main memory 110. The main memory 110 is preferably DRAM
(dynamic random access memory) or EDO (extended data out) memory, as desired.
In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the chip set logic 106 (i.e., host/PCI/cache bridge) or interfaces to a peripheral component interconnect CCI) bus 120. It is noted that other local buses may be used, such as the VESA (Video Electronics Standards
Association) VL bus. Various types of devices, including multimedia devices, may be connected to the PCI bus 120.
In the embodiment shown, a video/graphics card 126 and a sound card 128 are coupled to the PCI bus 120. The video/graphics card 126 preferably performs video functions and graphics accelerator functions. The video/graphics card 126 may also
perform 2-D and 3-D accelerator functions. The video/graphics card 126 preferably includes a video port for coupling to a video monitor (not shown). The sound card 128 performs audio processing functions. The sound card 128 includes an audio digital
to analog converter (audio DAC) (not shown) which couples to an audio port, wherein the audio port is adapted for coupling to speakers (not shown).
A hard disk drive 122, a network interface controller 124 and a CD-ROM drive 132 are also shown coupled to the PCI bus 120. CD-ROM drive 132 may be coupled to PCI bus 120 through a SCSI (small computer systems interface) adapter. The SCSI
adapter may also couple to various other SCSI devices, such as a tape drive (not shown), as desired. A bus arbiter 134 is provided to arbitrate control of PCI bus 120 among two or more bus master devices coupled to PCI bus 120.
In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the video/graphics logic 126, the sound logic 128, the CD-ROM drive 132, and the hard disk drive 122 each include a quaternary interface 172 according to the present invention. The network interface controller 124
and memory controller logic 107 also include a quaternary interface 172. The operation of the quaternary interface 172 will be described in detail below.
Expansion bus bridge logic 150 may also be coupled to the PCI bus 120. The expansion bus bridge logic 150 interfaces to an expansion bus 152. The expansion bus 152 may be any of varying types, including the industry standard architecture (ISA)
bus, also referred to as the AT bus, the extended industry standard architecture (EISA) bus, or the microchannel architecture (MCA) bus. Various devices may be coupled to the expansion bus 152, such as expansion bus memory or a modem (both not shown).
The quaternary interface 172 of a component coupled to the PCI bus 120 is configured to accommodate data transfers using quaternary signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a typical component 201 of
the computer system of FIG. 1 including an embodiment of the quaternary interface 172. The component 201 may be, for example, memory controller logic 107 of chip set logic 106, video/graphics card 126, sound card 128, hard disk drive 122, network
interface controller 124, or CD-ROM drive 132. A core logic 202 of the component 201 performs the core functions of the component 201. The quaternary interface 172 is coupled between the core logic 202 and the signal lines of PCI bus 120. The
quaternary interface 172 is configured to interface signals between the core logic 202 and PCI bus 120. The quaternary interface 172 includes a bus interface logic 302 and a binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304. The bus interface logic 302 is
coupled to the core logic 202 and to the signal lines of the PCI bus 120. The bus interface logic 302 handles the exchange of data between component 201 and other devices coupled to the PCI bus 120 according to an established bus protocol. The
binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 is coupled between the bus interface logic 302 and the multiplexed address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. The bus interface logic 302 includes a data buffer 306 and a quaternary device detect logic 308 coupled
to the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304. The data buffer 306 includes a number of storage elements and temporarily stores data. The stored data is either received from the core logic 202 and is to be transferred to another device via the
address/data lines of the PCI bus 120, or was received from the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. Data received from the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120 may be transferred to the core logic 202. In response to the logic level of a control
signal from the quaternary detect logic 308, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 may drive binary data signals from the data buffer 306 upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. Alternatively, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter
304 converts binary data from the data buffer 306 to quaternary form and drives the quaternary signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120.
In order for a first device (i.e., a master device) to exchange data with a second device (i.e., a target device) using quaternary signals, both the master and target devices must be coupled to the PCI bus 120 and include a quaternary interface
172. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the control lines of the PCI bus 120 are extended to include at least two additional control lines. The additional control lines are used to implement a quaternary communications protocol. For example, the PCI bus 120
may be provided with two additional control lines. During the bus transaction, the master device requests the bus in a normal fashion using binary (i.e., two-level) signals. During the address phase of a bus transaction, the master device drives a
binary signal conveying the address assigned to the target device upon the multiplexed address/data lines of the PCI bus. If the master device includes a quaternary interface, the master device also asserts a "quaternary transmit request" signal upon a
first additional control line. The target device responds to the address driven upon the upon address/data lines of the PCI bus. If the quaternary transmit request signal is asserted and the target device includes a quaternary interface, the target
device asserts a "quaternary transmit acknowledge" signal upon a second additional control line.
If the master device includes a quaternary interface (i.e., is quaternary compatible) and the master device receives an asserted quaternary transmit acknowledge signal from the target device during the address phase, the master device exchanges
data with the target device using quaternary signals. Within the quaternary interface 172 of the master device, the quaternary device detect logic 308 of the bus interface logic 310 receives the quaternary transmit acknowledge signal from the PCI bus
120 and issues a "quaternary convert" control signal to the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304. During a transfer of information from the master device to the target device (i.e., a write transaction), the binary-to-quaternary signal converter
304 of the master device converts binary signals from the data buffer 306 to quaternary signals, and drives the quaternary signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. During a transfer of information from the target device to the master
device (i.e., a read transaction), the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the master device converts quaternary signals present signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus to binary signals, and provides the binary signals to the data
buffer 306.
Within the quaternary interface 172 of the target device, the quaternary device detect logic 308 of the bus interface logic 310 receives the quaternary transmit request signal from the PCI bus 120 and issues the quaternary convert control signal
to the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304. During a transfer of information from the master device to the target device, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the target device converts quaternary signals present signals upon the
address/data lines of the PCI bus to binary signals, and provides the binary signals to the data buffer 306 of the target device. During a transfer of information from the target device to the master device, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304
of the target device converts binary signals from the data buffer 306 of the target device to quaternary signals, and drives the quaternary signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120.
In order to convert the binary data signals to quaternary signals, the binary-to-quaternary signal converters 304 of the master and target devices may include an array of two-bit digital-to-analog (D-A) converters. One two-bit D-A converter is
required for each address/data line of the PCI bus 120. Each pair of consecutive binary data bits within data buffer 306 may be converted to a single quaternary signal by one of the two-bit D-A converters. In order to convert the quaternary signals to
binary signals, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the master and target devices may include a two-bit digital-to-analog (A-D) converter. One two-bit A-D converter is required for each address/data line of the PCI bus 120. Each quaternary
signal may be converted to a pair of binary data bits by one of the two-bit A-D converters.
If the master device is quaternary compatible and does not receive an asserted quaternary transmit acknowledge signal during the address phase, the master device exchanges data with the target device using conventional binary signals. In this
case, the quaternary device detect logic 308 of the quaternary interface 172 of the master device does not assert the quaternary convert control signal. During a transfer of information from the master device to the target device, the
binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the master device drives binary signals from the data buffer 306 upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. During a transfer of information from the target device to the master device, the
binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the master device receives binary signals present upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus and provides the binary signals to the data buffer 306 of the master device. The target device is not quaternary
compatible, and transmits or receives binary data signals via the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120.
If the master device is not quaternary compatible, and the target device is quaternary compatible, the master device does not assert the quaternary transmit request signal during the address phase. The quaternary device detect logic 308 of the
target device receives the deasserted quaternary transmit request signal, and the quaternary convert control signal remains deasserted. During a transfer of information from the target device to the master device, the binary-to-quaternary signal
converter 304 of the target device drives binary signals from the data buffer 306 of the target device upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. During a transfer of information from the master device to the target device, the binary-to-quaternary
signal converter 304 of the target device receives binary signals present upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus and provides the binary signals to the data buffer 306 of the target device.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the quaternary interface 172 including a configuration memory 312. The quaternary interface 172 includes a bus interface logic 310 and the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304. The
bus interface logic 310 is coupled to the core logic of the component containing the quaternary interface 172 and to the signal lines of the PCI bus 120. The bus interface logic 310 handles the exchange of data between the device containing the
quaternary interface 172 and other devices coupled to the PCI bus 120 according to an established bus protocol. The binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 is coupled between the bus interface logic 310 and the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120.
The bus interface logic 310 includes a data buffer 306 and the configuration memory 312. The data buffer 306 is coupled to the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 and includes a number of storage elements used to temporarily store data as
described above. The binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 either converts binary data from the data buffer 306 to quaternary form and drives the quaternary signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus, or drives the binary signals from the
data buffer 306 upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120 without conversion, in response to the logic level of the quaternary convert control signal from the bus interface logic 310 as described above.
The configuration memory 312 includes several storage elements used to store a list of the addresses assigned to other devices coupled to the PCI bus 120 and including a quaternary interface 172. The configuration memory 312 of the quaternary
interface 172 of each device coupled to the PCI bus 120 is preferably programmed at system initialization (i.e., "boot") time to include the addresses assigned to other devices coupled to the PCI bus 120 and including a quaternary interface 172. Each
quaternary interface 172 preferably uses "Plug and Play" information received from the computer operating system to generate and maintain the list. More information about the "Plug and Play" standard may be obtained from the Plug and Play BIOS
Specification Version 1.Oa and the Plug and Play ISA Specification Version 1.0A. Inclusion of the configuration memory 312 within the quaternary interface 172 allows the number of control lines which must be added to the PCI bus 120 to be reduced to a
single additional control line.
Prior to the address phase of a bus transaction initiated by a quaternary-compatible master device in order to exchange data with a target device, the master device compares the address of the target device to the addresses stored within the
configuration memory 312. If a match is found, the master device asserts a "quaternary transmit" signal upon the additional control line of the PCI bus 120, in addition to driving binary signals conveying the address of the target device upon the
multiplexed address/data lines, during the address phase. The bus interface logic 310 issues the quaternary convert control signal to the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304. During a transfer of information from the master device to the target
device, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the master device converts binary signals from the data buffer 306 to quaternary signals, and drives the quaternary signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. During a transfer of
information from the target device to the master device, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the master device converts quaternary signals present signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus to binary signals, and provides the binary
signals to the data buffer 306.
Within the quaternary interface 172 of the target device, the bus interface logic 310 receives the quaternary transmit signal from the PCI bus 120 and issues the quaternary convert control signal to the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304.
During a transfer of information from the master device to the target device, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the target device converts quaternary signals present signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus to binary signals, and
provides the binary signals to the data buffer 306 of the target device. During a transfer of information from the target device to the master device, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the target device converts binary signals from the
data buffer 306 of the target device to quaternary signals, and drives the quaternary signals upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120.
In order to convert the binary data signals to quaternary signals, the binary-to-quaternary signal converters 304 of the master and target devices may include an array of two-bit digital-to-analog (D-A) converters. One two-bit D-A converter is
required for each address/data line of the PCI bus 120. Each pair of consecutive binary data bits within data buffer 306 may be converted to a single quaternary signal by one of the two-bit D-A converters. In order to convert the quaternary signals to
binary signals, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the master and target devices may include a two-bit digital-to-analog (A-D) converter. One two-bit A-D converter is required for each address/data line of the PCI bus 120. Each quaternary
signal may be converted to a pair of binary data bits by one of the two-bit A-D converters.
If the target device does not include a quaternary interface, the address of the target device is not found within the configuration memory 312. In this case, the master device does not assert the quaternary transmit signal upon the additional
control line of the PCI bus 120 during the address phase. The bus interface logic 310 of the quaternary interface 172 of the master device does not assert the quaternary convert control signal. During a transfer of information from the master device to
the target device, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the master device drives binary signals from the data buffer 306 upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. During a transfer of information from the target device to the master
device, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the master device receives binary signals present upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus and provides the binary signals to the data buffer 306 of the master device. The target transmits and
receives binary data signals via the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120.
During an exchange of information between a master device which is not quaternary compatible and a target device which is quaternary compatible, the master device does not assert the quaternary transmit signal upon the additional control line of
the PCI bus 120 during the address phase. The quaternary device detect logic of the bus interface logic 310 of the quaternary interface 172 of the target device does not assert the quaternary convert control signal. During a transfer of information
from the target device to the master device, the binary-to-quaternary signal converter 304 of the target device drives binary signals from the data buffer 306 of the target device upon the address/data lines of the PCI bus 120. Duri | | |
