An apparatus to visually and electronically observe the transient temperature changes in a heat-conducting body, and a method for teaching heat conduction to students incorporating the apparatus. The apparatus includes a heat-conducting body, and a pair of electric strip heaters attached to adjacent sides of the heat-conducting body for conducting heat therethrough. A pair of heat exchangers are attached to sides of the heat-conducting body that are opposite to the sides the electric strip heaters are attached to. A thermochromic liquid crystal sheet is provided on a top surface of the heat-conducting body and displays the transient heat conduction through the heat-conducting body. An insulating plate is located above the top surface of the heat-conducting body to create a gap between the thermochromic liquid crystal sheet and the insulating plate. A plurality of thermocouples are attached to a bottom surface of the heat-conducting body for measuring the transient heat conduction within the heat-conducting body.

A color signal processing apparatus for a multi-primary display with a simple circuit construction and a color signal processing method achieves a display white by more than four display primaries. The color signal processing apparatus has a tristimulus value calculation unit calculating tristimulus values (X, Y, Z) of an input color signal, a display primary control signal calculation unit calculating a control signal of each display primary to represent the color signal with a number of display primaries, and a control unit setting the control signal of each display primary with the control signal calculated by the display primary control signal calculation unit to display the color signal. Accordingly, the color signal processing apparatus for the multi-primary display is not only being capable of achieving the display white by more than the four display primaries but also can display the color signals of the entire color gamut according to the number of display primaries being provided and the settings for the respective color coordinates.

A sensor of a parameter such as temperature includes an indicator encapsulated within a rigid enclosure, wherein the sensor has a characteristic that varies with the parameter that is detectable upon illumination with electromagnetic radiation through a window of the enclosure that is transparent to the radiation. In a specific example, the indicator changes an optical characteristic such as its color as a function of its temperature, and may be of an irreversible type in order to indicate the peak temperature reached. The sensor may include a pattern of such indicators that have different peak temperatures to which they respond, so that the sensor gives a unique visual pattern at each temperature within its measurement range. This pattern may be viewed directly or processed by computer to compare the pattern with those which indicate known temperatures. The sensor and system utilizing it have particular advantages for operation in a vacuum, and/or under ion bombardment, such occurs in plasma etching and deposition machines, and/or within a strong electromagnetic field, such as within the radio frequency and microwave frequency ranges. An array of such sensors positioned across a surface of a thermally conductive substrate is especially useful for measuring a temperature distribution occurring across semiconductor wafers in wafer processing machinery.