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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to computer communications and human computer
interfaces (HCI). More particularly, the invention relates to providing
individualized data for presentation with a base data set.
2. Background
The use of the Internet and in particular the World Wide Web (WWW) has
expanded dramatically in recent years, and usage is expected to continue
to rise in the years to come.
Many individual computer users access the WWW through relatively slow
modems, as opposed to the high speed links that some large organizations
can afford. To enhance the web browsing experience for these users it is
important to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted and
yet provide useful information.
Presently web page descriptions of embedded objects such as graphics are
not individualized. A web browsing experience would be enhanced by the
delivery of specialized data that is associated with a particular data
object or web page.
What is needed is a method for establishing a user's preference for the
type of data delivered during a browsing session, and directing a web
server to only deliver the appropriate data blocks associated with a base
data set.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides for enhancing the presentation of data
received by a client computer from a server computer.
Briefly, blocks of data that are characterized by varying levels of
complexity or appropriateness for particular audiences, and that are
associated with a base data set, are selected for transmission to a client
requesting the base data set, for subsequent presentation to a user along
with presentation of the base data set. Selection of an associated data
block is based on a specific level established by the client and
communicated to the server.
In various aspects of the present invention options are provided for the
client to establish levels by such means as login IDs, express selection,
usage profiling, visual imaging, and similar methods.
In further aspects of the present invention, alternative embodiments
provide for specification of a range of levels, or specification of a rule
set for taking action when associated data blocks are present but do not
match the level specification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1(a) is a flowchart illustrating processing and communication between
a server and a client in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1(b) is a flowchart illustrating a server process in accordance with
the present invention.
FIG. 1(c) is a flowchart illustrating processing and communication between
a server and a client in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2(a) is a flowchart illustrating processing and communication between
a server and a client in an embodiment of the present invention
FIG. 2(b) is a flowchart illustrating a server process in accordance with
the present invention.
FIG. 3(a) is a flowchart illustrating processing and communication between
a server and a client in an embodiment of the present invention
FIG. 3(b) is a flowchart illustrating a server process in accordance with
the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Overview
The present invention enables a web server to provide at least one of
several different blocks of data associated with a given base data set.
Typically, this takes the form of providing one of several different
blocks of text associated with a given graphic object on a web page. These
data blocks may be used to provide captions for the base data set, or may
be extensive documentation related to the base data set.
A plurality of data blocks are associated with a base data set. Each of the
associated data blocks is adapted for a particular audience. A profiling
mechanism resident on a local PC recognizes the user's requirements or
preferences. For, example, an adult and a child might receive different
text associated with a graphic object. A content provider produces these
different text blocks.
Association of data blocks with a base data set is a well understood
process by those skilled in the art. For example, basic computer science
techniques such as pointers or index tables can be used to associate data
blocks with other objects, such as the base data sets referred to herein.
Although associated data blocks will typically be stored on servers that
are remote from the client, it is also possible to have both client and
server processes running on the same physical computer in one location.
Generally, a level acceptable to the user is established either at the
beginning of a browsing session, or is established as a default preference
and used for all sessions unless specifically changed by a user. The
ability to communicate information between a browser session on a client
(e.g., a PC) and a remote web server exists presently in popular,
commercially available web browsers.
There are a number of ways in which a level or range of levels can be
established. In one method to establish a level for a browsing session,
there may be a level selected as a default preference by the user or a
system administrator for particular login IDs (also referred to as user
IDs).
Another method to establish a level, or a range of levels, is to expressly
specify them. In this case, users are prompted to specify their
preferences. Alternatively, there is no prompting, but the user may access
a menu through which their preferences for levels may be specified.
A level may also be established by profiling usage patterns. For example,
by using known software techniques for monitoring and recording which
applications are run and which web sites are visited, embodiments of the
invention can use this information to determine, with reasonable
likelihood of success, whether the user is an adult or a child (or a
gardening versus basketball enthusiast, and so on).
A further method for establishing a level requires that a user be
identified, and once identified a default preference can be associated
with that user from a predetermined table of default preferences. For
example, during the initial setup of a computer system in accordance with
the invention, the user engages in a dialog with the computer and enters a
level or range of levels to be associated with the user's visual image.
That is, using a video camera or digital still camera, the user enters a
digitized image of herself or himself. Thereafter, when launching a
browsing session the user is imaged by the computer system (typically a PC
with video camera attached) and the image data is used to identify the
user and thus point to the user's level preferences.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that variations of when and how to
establish a level, how to propagate it, and when and whether to prompt a
user for additional input are possible.
On the server side, the associated data blocks are tagged with a field that
corresponds to a level or range of levels. For example, when the subject
matter domain of the browsing session is motion pictures, then levels and
tag fields might correspond to the movie rating system of General
Audience, Parental Guidance, Restricted, and so on. Similarly, levels and
tag fields can correspond to age ranges. A further example is a web site
hosted by a zoo which serves both the scientific community and children's
educational needs. In this example, a high resolution image of an animal
is transmitted to both an adult and child visitor to the web site, however
the adult's level specification indicates to the server that scientific
journal information should additionally be transmitted, whereas the
child's level specification indicates that an age appropriate description
should be transmitted. Embodiments of the present invention are not
limited to any specific format for, or meaning attributed to, the level
and tag fields. The user established level, or range of levels, directs
the server to select the associated data that is most appropriate for the
intended recipient. Generally, only a few bytes of information are needed
to specify levels and tag fields.
Terminology
Browser refers to a program which allows a user to read hypertext. The
browser gives some means of viewing the contents of nodes and of
navigating from one node to another. Browsers act as clients to remote web
servers. Netscape Navigator (Netscape Communications Corp.,
www.netscape.com) and Internet Explorer (Microsoft Corporation,
www.microsoft.com) are examples of browsers for the World wide Web.
Closed captioning, as used herein, refers to providing and optionally
communicating information in one medium, where that information is
associated with information being communicated in at least one other
medium. Typically, closed captioning takes the form of text associated
with a non-textual communication. For example, text associated with a
graphic or video clip.
Data block, and data set, as used herein, each refer to collection of
information that can be perceived by humans, typically with the aid of a
device such as a personal computer. The data blocks and data sets may be
representative of text, graphics, audio, video or similar formats.
HTML (also html) refers to a hypertext document format used on the World
wide Web. "Tags" are embedded in the text. A tag consists of a "<", a
"directive", zero or more parameters and a ">". Matched pairs of
directives, like "<title>" and "</title>" are used to delimit text which
is to appear in a special place or style.
HTTP (also http) refers to the client-server TCP/IP protocol used on the
World Wide Web for the exchange of HTML documents.
Level, as used herein, refers to a grading or rating that indicates the
particular audience for which a block of associated data is targeted.
Alternatively, the level may be viewed as a set of filter parameters that,
in conjunction, with a programmable filter, control whether a particular
block of associated data will be transmitted to a particular user.
Proxy gateway refers to a computer and associated software that will pass
on a request for a URL from a World Wide Web browser to an outside server
and return the results. This provides a trusted agent that can access the
Internet on behalf of clients that are sealed off from the Internet. The
client's user is typically not be aware of the proxy gateway.
Proxy server refers to a World Wide Web server that accepts URLs with a
special prefix. When it receives a request for such a URL, it strips off
the prefix and looks for the resulting URL in its local cache. If found,
it returns the document immediately, otherwise it fetches it from the
remote server, saves a copy in the cache and returns it to the requester.
The cache will usually have an expiry algorithm that flushes documents
according to their age, size, and access history.
Rule set, as used herein, refers to a collection of instructions that
directs a computer to take specified actions under certain conditions. For
example, a rule could direct a web server to deliver an index of all data
blocks associated with a particular base data set, under the condition
that none of the associated data blocks matched the user specified level.
Typically the rule set is supplied to the server by the client, and the
rule set typically is executed on the web server. It is possible to have a
rule set that is executed by the client. A client executed rule could, for
example, direct a client computer to block access to a web site where none
of the associated data blocks are within a specified range of levels.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) refers to a draft standard for specifying an
object on the Internet, such as a file or newsgroup. URLs are used
extensively on the World wide Web. They are used in HTML documents to
specify the target of a hyperlink. Background information on URLs may be
obtained from "http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/Addressing/Addressing. html".
Video stream refers to a one or more signals that represent, and from which
can be reconstructed, an image of an object. Typically, these signals are
in either analog or digital format. However, any signal format that is
suitable for communicating a reconstructable representation of an image is
contemplated to be encompassed by the expression "video stream". Video
stream as used herein contemplates any image data stream produced by
sensing devices, including but not limited to visible light video cameras,
scanners, digital still cameras, infrared sensors, magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) sensors and the like.
Web server refers to a server process running at a web site that sends out
web pages in response to HTTP requests from remote browsers.
Web site refers to any computer on the Internet running a World Wide Web
server process. A particular web site is identified by the hostname part
of a URL.
World Wide Web refers to an Internet client-server hypertext distributed
information retrieval system that originated from the CERN High-Energy
Physics laboratories in Geneva, Switzerland. The client program is known
as a browser and runs on the user's computer. Documents on the world wide
web are represented to the user as hypertext objects in HTML format.
Hypertext links refer to other documents by their URLs. These can refer to
local or remote resources accessible through FTP, Gopher, Telnet or news,
as well as those available by way of the http protocol used to transfer
hypertext documents. The World Wide Web is alternatively referred to as
WWW, W3, or the Web.
Some portions of the detailed descriptions that follow are presented in
terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data
bits within a computer system. These algorithmic descriptions and
representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing
arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others
skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a
self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps
are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities.
Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of
electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred,
combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at
times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals
as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the
like. It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar
terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and
are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless
specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussions,
it is to be appreciated that throughout the description of embodiments of
the present invention, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing" or
"computing" or "calculating" or "determining" or "displaying" or the like,
refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar
computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as
physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within a computer system's
registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical
quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such
information storage, transmission or display devices.
General Process with single level
Referring to FIG. 1(a), a process 100 embodying the present invention is
described. In a step 102 a level for the associated data is established.
Typically, at the beginning of a session, the level is communicated by the
client to the server. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the
level may be communicated between the client and server more or less
frequently than the beginning of a session. In a step 104 the client
requests a base data set, and, in a step 106 the base data set is
transmitted to the client.
In a step 108 a determination is made as to whether an associated data set
with a matching level is present on the server. If an associated data set
with a matching level is not present, then in a step 112 the process ends.
However, if an associated data set with a matching level is present, then
in a step 110 it is transmitted to the client that requested the base data
set. Subsequently, in a step 112 the process ends.
FIG. 1(c) illustrates an embodiment of the present invention similar to
that shown in FIG. 1(b). The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1(c) includes
a step 182 in which the data received, by the user from the server, is
displayed. In this context, the step of displaying is meant to include any
form of communication with the user. Typically the step of displaying is
accomplished by visually transmitting information to a user through a
computer monitor. However, audio, mechanical, or any other suitable means
of communicating information may be used.
Server-Side Process with single level
FIG. 1(b) illustrates a process 150 in accordance with the present
invention as embodied in a server. In a step 152 a web server receives a
user preference level. In a step 154 the server receives a request, from a
user, for a base data set. Subsequently, in a step 156 the base data set
is transmitted to the user. In a step 158 a determination is made as to
whether an associated data set with a matching level is present on the
server. If an associated data set with a matching level is not present,
then in a step 162 the process ends. However, if an associated data set
with a matching level is present, then in a step 160 it is transmitted to
the user. Subsequently, in a step 112 the process ends.
General Process with range of levels
Referring to FIG. 2(a), a process 200 embodying the present invention is
described. In a step 202 a range of levels is established. This range of
levels will be used by the server to determine whether a particular block
of associated data has the appropriate attributes for transmission to the
user.
In a step 204 the user requests a base data set and in a step 206 transmits
the base data set to the user. In a step 208 a determination is made as to
whether an associated data set, that matches within the range of levels
specified by the user, exists on the server. If an associated data set
with a matching level is not present, then in a step 214 the process ends.
However, if an associated data set with a matching level is present, then
in a step 210 the best matching data set within the range of values is
selected and in a step 212 it is transmitted to the user. Subsequently, in
a step 214 the process ends.
Server-Side Process with range of levels
FIG. 2(b) illustrates a process 250 in accordance with the present
invention, as embodied in a server. In a step 252 a web server receives a
range of user preference levels. In a step 254 the server receives a
request, from a user, for a base data set. Subsequently, in a step 256 the
base data set is transmitted to the user. In a step 258 a determination is
made as to whether an associated data set, that matches within the range
of levels specified by the user, exists on the server. If an associated
data set within the range of levels is not present, then in a step 264 the
process ends. However, if an associated data set within the range of
levels is present, then in a step 260 the best, i.e., closest, matching
associated data set is selected, and in a step 262 that associated data
set is transmitted to the user. Subsequently, in a step 264 the process
ends.
General Process with rule set
Referring to FIG. 3(a), a process 300 embodying the present invention is
described. In a step 302 a level for the associated data is established.
In a step 304 a rule set is established. A base data set is requested by a
user in a step 306 and the base data set is transmitted to the requestor
in a step 308. In a step 310 a determination is made as to whether there
is any associated data having a matching level. If the determination in
step 310 is affirmative then in a step 312 the associated data is
transmitted to the user and the process ends in a step 318.
However, if the determination is step 310 is negative, then in a step 314,
a determination is made as to whether there is any data associated with
the base data set. If there is no associated data, then the process ends
in a step 318. On the other hand, if the determination is made that
associated data, albeit of a non-matching level, exists, then in a step
316 the rule set is applied. Subsequently, the process ends in a step 318.
Server-Side Process with rule set
FIG. 3(b) illustrates a process 350 in accordance with the present
invention, as embodied in a server. In a step 352 the server receives a
level for the associated data. In a step 354 the server receives a rule
set from the user. A request for a base data set is received by the server
in a step 356 and the base data set is transmitted to the requestor in a
step 358. In a step 360 a determination is made as to whether there is any
associated data having a matching level. If the determination in step 360
is affirmative then in a step 362 the associated data is transmitted to
the user and the process ends in a step 368.
However, if the determination is step 360 is negative, then in a step 364,
a determination is made as to whether there is any data associated with
the base data set. If there is no associated data, then the process ends
in a step 368. On the other hand, if the determination is made that
associated data, albeit of a non-matching level, exists, then in a step
366 the rule set is applied. Subsequently, the process ends in a step 368.
Conclusion
The present invention provides a method for enhancing the presentation of
data received by a client computer from a server computer without
consuming unneeded bandwidth.
An advantage of the present invention is that users' preferences can be
transparently determined and communicated to a web server to facilitate
individualization of the content provided during the browsing session.
A further advantage of the present invention is that the web browsing
experience is improved by overcoming communication bandwidth limitations
through the use of computational resources available in servers and PCs.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that many design choices
are possible within the scope of the present invention. For example, the
user level may be updated more or less frequently than described in the
illustrative embodiments. Additionally, the present invention is not
limited to communication via the World Wide Web, rather it is applicable
to many client-server arrangements and communication protocols in which
the server provides individualized information.
The present invention can be embodied as methods and apparatuses for
practicing those methods. The present invention can also be embodied in
the form of computer program code embodied in tangible media, such as
floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable
storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and
executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing
the invention. The program code encoded in tangible media creates the
means for causing the computer to perform the various steps of the present
invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of
computer program code, whether stored in a storage medium loaded into
and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission
medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics,
or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code
is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an
apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general
purpose microprocessor, the computer program code combines with the
microprocessor to provide a unique device that operates analogously to
specific circuits.
It will be understood that various other changes in the details, materials,
and arrangements of the parts and steps which have been described and
illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from
the principles and scope of the invention as expressed in the subjoined
claims.
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