The present invention concerns a process to produce a high surface area niobium oxynitride, tantalum oxynitride, vanadium oxynitride, zirconium oxynitride, titanium oxynitride or molybdenum oxynitride coated substrate for use as an electrical energy storage component in a capacitor or a battery configuration. The process relates to: (a) coating one or both flat etched surfaces of a solid substrate, in the form of a thin sheet, with a solution or a slurry of a metal halide in a liquid volatile carrier to produce a thin surface film; (b) contacting the metal halide surface film-carrier coated substrate of step (a) with oxygen, air, or combinations thereof at a temperature to convert the metal halide to metal oxide, respectively, as a thin film and to remove the liquid volatile carrier; (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) to obtain a desired thickness; (d) heating the metal oxide film coated substrate of step (c) in oxygen, air or combinations thereof to convert at least about 95% of the metal chloride to metal oxide; (e) increasing the temperature of the metal oxide coated substrate to elevated temperatures; (f) contacting the oxide coated substrate produced in step (e) with a nitrogen source selected from excess flowing gaseous ammonia, a mixture of ammonia gas and hydrogen gas, or a mixture of hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas at elevated temperatures to convert about 95% or greater of the oxide coating to the corresponding metal oxynitride on the substrate, which metal oxynitride layer has a high surface area and is electrically conductive; and (g) cooling to ambient temperature and recovering the high surface area metal oxynitride coated substrate produced in step (f).
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/727,821, filed Sep. 30, 1996 now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/219,965, filed Mar. 30, 1994 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,363, which claims priority on U.S. Philippine Serial No. 93/5773, filed Sep. 20, 1993 and which is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/947,414, filed Sep. 18, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,685, U.S. Ser. No. 07/947,294, filed Sep. 18, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,453, and U.S. Ser. No. 07/958,506, filed Oct. 7, 1992, now abandoned. It is also a continuation-in-part of and claims priority on PCT/US95/03985, filed Mar. 30, 1995, which claims priority on U.S. Ser. No. 08/219,965, filed Mar. 30, 1994 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,363 and U.S. Ser. No. 08/377,121, filed Jan. 23, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,988.
Fourier telescopes permit observations over a very broad band of energy. They generally include synthetic spatial filtering structures, known as multilayer grids or grid pairs consisting of alternate layers of absorbing and transparent materials depending on whether neutrons or photons are being imaged. For hard x-rays and gamma rays, high (absorbing) and low (transparent) atomic number elements, termed high-Z and low-Z materials may be used. Fabrication of these multilayer grid structures is not without its difficulties. Herein the alternate layers of the high-Z material and the low-Z material are inserted in a polyhedron, transparent to photons of interest, through an open face of the polyhedron. The inserted layers are then uniformly compressed to form a multilayer grid.
Methods and insulator electrode devices for performing electrochemical reactions are disclosed. The devices consist of high specific surface area electrodes based on a channeled conducting base material that has been coated with an organic or inorganic insulating film or multiple layers of such films. The chemical reactions are exemplified by exciting one or several label compounds into an excited state which is spontaneously de-excited by emission of ultraviolet, visible or infrared light, in aqueous solution. This provides the basis for reproducible analytical applications in bioaffinity assays such as immunoassays and DNA-probing assays.
A discharge lamp arc tube in which a pair of electrode assemblies each having an electrode rod, a sheet of molybdenum foil and a lead wire integrally series-connected to one another have respective molybdenum foil containing regions pinch-sealed with glass, and electrodes are disposed opposite to each other in a closed glass bulb containing a light emitting substance or the like enclosed therein. The surface of the sheet of molybdenum foil sealed at each of the pinch seal portions has a micro-asperity surface roughened by an etching treatment including oxidation and reduction, so that silica glass is closely packed in the micro-asperity of the surface of the sheet of molybdenum foil. As a result, the adhesion (mechanical bonding strength) in the interface between silica glass and molybdenum foil is improved so that foil rising is suppressed and, accordingly, the lifetime of the arc tube is extended.
Methods and insulator electrode devices for performing electrochemical reactions are disclosed. The devices consist of high specific surface area electrodes based on a channeled conducting base material that has been coated with an organic or inorganic insulating film or multiple layers of such films. The chemical reactions are exemplified by exciting one or several label compounds into an excited state which is spontaneously de-excited by emission of ultraviolet, visible or infrared light, in aqueous solution. This provides the basis for reproducible analytical applications in bioaffinity assays such as immunoassays and DNA-probing assays.
A method of forming an insulative film includes a step of vacuum laminating an insulative organic material on a substrate that has a peripheral ring electrode formed in a peripheral region of the substrate and a device element(s) formed inside the peripheral region, and has a surface configuration including raised parts. A first dummy pattern is formed in a region between the peripheral ring electrode and the device element on the substrate.
