The present invention provides non-invasive methods for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease in a living human subject. One method employs a non-invasive automated apparatus which can continuously monitor pupil diameter size over time; repetitively measure pupil diameter size over time for a pre-chosen duration ranging from about less than 1 second to about 5 minutes; and cumulatively record size information as it is obtained over time. A second method employs an apparatus which can repetitively measure pupil constriction velocity for a pre-chosen duration both before and after stimulation by visible light. Both methods require the administration of at least one neural transmitter mediator to a targeted eye of the living subject in an amount insufficient to cause marked changes in pupil diameter size over time in a person who is not afflicted with Alzheimer's disease. The marked hypersensitivity of an Alzheimer's dementia patient to the administered neural transmitter mediator serves as the means for identifying individuals afflicted with Alzheimer's disease.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/932,047, filed Sep. 17, 1997, (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,024,707) which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/532,319, filed Sep. 22, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,369), which is a continuation of international application PCT/US95/09389, filed Jul. 24, 1995, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/279,795, filed Jul. 25, 1994 (now abandoned), and U.S. application Ser. No. 08/447,630, filed May 23, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,617,872).
An apparatus for examining a subject's brain functions acquires two or more indexes of pupillary indexes that show the subject's pupillary characteristics, visual indexes that show the subject's visual system functions, intelligence evaluating indexes that are results of the an intelligence test carried out on the subject, and behavior evaluating indexes that show the results the subject's behavior examination. Two or more indexes are stored in a memory and outputted from an output unit. By combining two or more kinds of independent indexes, accurate determination of dementia cases and further the degree of senescence of brain functions can be achieved. In addition, the brain function examining apparatus puts together a number of a plurality of indexes by the multivariate calculation and converts the indexes into different values of fewer numbers.
A system for testing a subject's cognition and motor timing includes an actuator, a sensor and a computer. The actuator is configured to present to the subject multiple stimuli, including predictable stimuli and non-predictable (e.g., random or pseudo-random) stimuli. The sensor generates sensor signals associated with the subject responding to the stimuli. The computer stores timing values associated with the sensor signals for a plurality of the sequences of stimuli, and analyzes the timing values to determine if the subject has an anticipatory timing impairment. The system may also be configured to provide feedback signals to the user, in which case the system also functions as cognition timing and motor training system.
The invention administers an objective clinical test to an eye that measures the visual sensitivity of the superior retina and the inferior retina, by alternately presenting a stimulus pair comprising a shaped superior light stimulus and a shaped inferior light stimulus that are horizontal mirror images of one another and have shapes encompassing visual field defects. The shaped superior and inferior light stimuli stimulate pupillary responses whose amplitudes are measured. A cycle-averaged pupillary response balance and a luminance ratio are computed for each presentation of a stimulus pair. A stimulus pair response curve is computed by fitting cycle-averaged pupillary response balances to a sigmoid function of the luminance ratios. A balanced luminance ratio at which the cycle-averaged pupillary response balance is equal to about zero is computed from the sigmoid function. The balanced luminance ratio is indicative of the presence and location of retinal nerve damage.
A goggle based light-weight VOG system includes at least one digital camera connected to and powered by a laptop computer through a firewire connection together with an integral visual light stimulus source. The digital camera may digitally center the pupil in both the X and Y directions. A calibration mechanism may be incorporated onto the goggle base. An EOG system may also be incorporated directly into the goggle. The VOG system may track and record 3-D movement of the eye, track pupil dilation, head position and goggle slippage. An animated eye display provides data in a more meaningful fashion. The VOG system is a modular design whereby the same goggle frame or base is used to build a variety of digital camera VOG systems.
A method, system and device for detecting an ocular dysfunction with optic neuropathy, such as the glaucoma group of diseases. More particularly, one eye is exposed to a series of flashes, and the resulting pupillary reflexes of both eyes are measured. The pupillary reflexes can then be evaluated to determine if the ocular dysfunction is present. A device that includes at least one light source can be incorporated into a system for recording and evaluating the pupillary reflexes.
