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DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a method of formworking ceilings system in which a
number of supports are erected at a distance from each other, wherein
respectively a partial number thereof are to be arranged in alignment with
one another and on which respectively longitudinal carriers are on these
again transverse carriers are placed so that the transverse carries lie
respectively on at least two longitudinal carriers and, finally, formwork
panels are placed on the transverse carriers. Additionally, the invention
relates to a ceiling formwork system with a plurality of supports,
longitudinal and transverse carriers and formwork panels.
A process of the type mentioned above is long known for making ceilings of
concrete. In this, supports are placed in locations previously determined
on the basis of calculation tables. Subsequently, longitudinal carriers
are placed on these, so that these lie substantially parallel to each
other, and the spacings of these are also read from calculation tables.
Furthermore, transverse carriers arranged parallel to each other are
placed on these longitudinal carriers essentially perpendicular thereto
and at spacings again determined from calculation tables. Finally,
formwork panels are laid in such a manner on the transverse carriers that
their longer sides come to lie perpendicular to the longitudinal direction
of the transverse carriers.
However, the problem exists in this known process that the location at
which to place the supports and the spacings with respect to each other of
longitudinal carriers and the transverse carriers must be determined by
means of the relatively complicated calculation tables with reference to
the ceiling formwork elements used. Here, ceiling formwork elements mean
the supports, the longitudinal and transverse carriers and the formwork
panels.
As the necessary duty of care is often not observed on construction sites
when reading the calculation tables, or the workers do not have the
necessary qualifications for this, there exists the danger that the
maximum spacings to be observed are possibly exceeded, which can result in
insufficient support when concreting the ceiling with the possible danger
of collapse. Additionally, on the construction site, the type of support,
transverse and longitudinal carriers and formwork panels must be taken
into account in accordance with the calculation tables, which leads to a
number of calculation tables and a further complication in determining or
deciding on the spacings between the individual elements.
The technical problem forming the basis of the invention is to provide a
method for formworking ceilings in which, depending on the ceiling
thickness to be concreted--up to a maximum ceiling thickness--an exceeding
of the maximum spacings of the individual elements with respect to each
other is avoided or even eliminated. Additionally, a technical problem
forming the basis of the invention lies in providing a suitable ceiling
formwork system for carrying out the method.
The technical problem forming the basis of invention is solved in that the
supports and the longitudinal and transverse carriers are located in such
a manner that the respective spacings of the transverse carriers and of
the longitudinal carriers as well as of the supports for all ceiling
thicknesses to be concreted up to a predetermined ceiling thickness are
complied with by means of optically acting and/or mechanically mounted,
fixed location aids on the longitudinal and the transverse carriers and/or
the supports and/or the formwork panels.
Additionally, a ceiling formwork system for carrying out the method is
provided comprising supports, formwork panels and transverse and
longitudinal carriers having at least on the lower side in the built-in
position thereof optically and/or mechanically effective location aids
arranged in parallel with the same spacing between each other.
The invention is based on the concept of simplifying the formworking of
ceilings in such a manner that complicated calculation tables are no
longer necessary for determining the spacings of the individual elements
with respect to each other. In accordance with the invention, for the
first time, the location of the individual elements can be standardized
independently of the ceiling thickness to be concreted--naturally up to a
maximum ceiling thickness which is fixed by the maximum supporting
strength of the elements--in that the spacings to be complied with are
clearly predetermined by the optically and/or mechanically effective,
securely applied location aids on the longitudinal and transverse carriers
and/or the formwork panels. In this manner, when erecting the ceiling
formwork, an exceeding of the maximum spacings which may result in a
latent risk of collapse in greatly reduced or prevented. Additionally, it
is possible for the first time with the ceiling formwork system according
to the invention to control the preset distances in the erected state
without any difficulties. This is the case because an incorrectly
positioned element can be immediately recognized without further auxiliary
means on account of the location aids. On the contrary, in the state of
the art, the individual spacings had to be checked on a test basis with a
metric measure which in turn results in a certain insecurity. This can now
be replaced by a simple control observation, which itself results in a
large gain in time and greater security.
The safety of the ceiling formwork is greatly increased on account of the
inventive method or the inventive ceiling formwork system. Additionally,
it is a big advantage of the method according to the invention that the
assembly is linked with a considerable saving of time. In the inventive
method, when a very low ceiling thickness is to be concreted, the maximum
possible spacing between the individual elements is not reached and more
material is therefore used than is absolutely necessary, but this
additional input of material and the costs thereof does not bear any
relation to the time gained in erecting the ceiling formwork. This is the
case because the additional costs resulting from the higher material input
are less by a multiple factor than the cost savings made on account of the
shorter expenditure of time. It has been proven on the basis of several
practically evaluated ceiling formworks that the material input increased
on average by merely 5% for ceiling thicknesses of up to approximately 30
cm.
Thus, as a result of the inventive method or ceiling formwork system, a
considerable gain is made in simplicity, expediency and safety in
comparison to the known method.
Advantageously, the respective spacings of the transverse and longitudinal
carriers as well as of the supports are determined in accordance with the
maximum ceiling thickness to be concreted which is calculated in
consideration of the geometry and material data of the formwork panels,
the transverse and longitudinal carriers and the supports. In this manner,
the maximum carrying capacity of the individual formwork system elements
is made possible up to a maximum ceiling thickness.
It is particularly advantageous that the location of the formwork elements
ensures by means of location aids respectively applied at least on the
lower side of the transverse and longitudinal carriers and/or the formwork
panels in the built-in position, on account of which the required spacings
are already clearly predetermined for a worker.
Colored markings arranged in parallel on the formwork elements can be
applied in a very easy and cost-effective manner. Additionally, such
markings or location aids do not weaken the individual elements of the
system.
On account of the inventive alternatively colored markings, the erection of
the formwork elements and their positioning with respect to one another is
very advantageously simplified, as erroneous spacings are excluded with
the highest probability on account of the clear markings for positioning
the elements. Thus, for example, the markings can be the same at interval
of 1 m. For example, this means that a location aid line can be provided
every 0.5 m from the end face of a transverse or longitudinal carrier,
which lines have a different color, shape or the like.
It is particularly advantageous when mechanical location aids are provided
on the supports, longitudinal and transverse carriers and possibly also on
the formwork panels at the required spacing and in which aids the
respectively superimposed formwork elements engage in each other. In this
manner, falling below the predetermined spacings is avoided with the
greatest reliability. Thus, it is possible, for example, that for
receiving a longitudinal carrier in their respective supporting head, the
supports have a small elevation which can fit into an appropriately
adapted depression in the longitudinal carrier. In this manner, a location
of the carriers at an inadmissible spacing is not even possible. In this
case, the other formwork elements also have correspondingly adapted
elevations or depressions on their upper and lower sides. Additionally,
the possibility exists to combine optically and mechanically effective
location aids on the formwork elements. Thus, it is possible, for example,
to apply optical location aids on the formwork panels and to equip the
remaining elements with mechanical location aids.
The use of supports which are adjustable in height and have the same
support strength independently of the preset height is particularly
advantageous in the ceiling formwork system according to the invention
because this means that independently of the level above the base at which
the ceiling is to be formed, the same inventive longitudinal and
transverse carriers and formwork panels can be used with the respective
optically and/or mechanically effective location aide securely applied
thereon.
Particularly advantageous are cone-shaped depressions or corresponding
elevations on the individual ceiling formwork elements, as this results in
the superimposed elements being automatically centered in the middle.
For further explanation and better understanding of the invention, several
exemplary embodiments are described and explained in more detail in the
following with reference to the enclosed drawings, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a three-dimensional view of a ceiling formwork system
according to the invention with some formwork panels laid on the
transverse carried;
FIG. 2 shows a side view of an erected ceiling formwork in which the
location aids are particularly visible on the longitudinal carriers;
FIG. 3 shows a bottom view of an inventive formwork panel with location
aids applied thereon;
FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal carrier or also a transverse carrier according
to the invention with location aids applied thereon in accordance with the
invention;
FIG. 5 shows a cross section through a transverse carrier and a
longitudinal carrier located beneath this according to a further exemplary
embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 6 shows a cross section through a longitudinal carrier which is
supported on a support according to the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
A ceiling formwork system according to a first exemplary embodiment of the
invention is illustrated in FIG. 1 in the erected state. Supports 1 which
have a spreadable foot are erected at a distance from each other. In this
case, a specified number of the supports 1 respectively form a support for
longitudinal carriers 6 which are mounted in the holding heads 12 of the
individual supports 1. Transverse carriers 3 are laid on these
longitudinal carriers 6 perpendicularly thereto. The transverse carriers 3
in this case are respectively parallel to one another on the longitudinal
carriers 6 and arranged substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal
carriers 6. In this condition shown in FIG. 1, some formwork panels 4 are
laid on the transverse carriers 3 such that the longer sides of the
formwork panels 4 lie perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
transverse carriers 3.
Intermediate supports 2 which also support the longitudinal carriers 6 are
respectively arranged between the supports 1.
Colored location aids which are not shown in this depiction are provided on
the lower side of the cord of the longitudinal carriers 6 in this
exemplary embodiment. The supports 1 and 2 are respectively erected at the
positions indicated by the colored location aide.
The transverse carriers 3 have optically effective, colored location aids
31 arranged at a distance from each other at predetermined positions. For
example, the location aids 31 on the transverse carriers 3 can be applied
at 0.5 m spacings from the ends, these are alternating differently
optically effective location aids 31. The longitudinal carriers 6 are then
to be provided at predetermined positions on the location aids 31.
In this exemplary embodiment, a longitudinal carrier 6 is to be arranged at
the first location aid 31 of the transverse carrier 3 parallel to a wall 5
against which the transverse carriers 3 abut with their end faces. The
longitudinal carrier 6 to be arranged parallel to this is then arranged at
a distance of four location aids 31 from this longitudinal carrier nearest
the wall 5.
A side view of an erected inventive ceiling formwork is shown in FIG. 2 in
which the location aids 63, contrasted by color, are visible on the
longitudinal carrier 6 at regular distances from each other. Transverse
carriers 3 lie parallel to each other on the longitudinal carriers 6 and
formwork panels 4 are arranged on these. Additionally, the already
concreted ceiling 7 can be seen. The longitudinal carriers 6 are in this
case supported at the colored or optically effective location aids 63 by
the supports 1 and 2.
In this case of the transverse carriers 3 and the longitudinal carriers 6
being built the same, the optically effective locations aids 31, 63 are
applied at regular intervals on the transverse carriers 3 or the
longitudinal carriers 6, respectively.
Thus, in this exemplary embodiment, the spacings of the supports 1, 2 at
the longitudinal carrier 6 amount to two division units, i.e. the
longitudinal carrier 6 is to be supported by one support 1 or 2 at every
second location aid 63. The spacings of the longitudinal carriers 6 amount
in this exemplary embodiment to four divisional units which, with
reference to the location aids 31 on the transverse carriers 3, implies
that the longitudinal carriers 6 are arranged at every fourth location aid
31 of a transverse carrier 3. The carrier spacing of the transverse
carriers 3 amounts in this exemplary embodiment to approximately 0.5 m,
which implies that location aide are applied on the formwork panels 4 on
the underside of the formwork panels, as will still be explained with
respect to FIG. 3. The supporting arm, i.e. the length of support along a
longitudinal carrier 6 or a transverse carrier 3 amounts at a maximum to
the spacing of a location aid 31 or 63, respectively.
FIG. 3 shows the underside of a formwork panel 4 with optically effective
location aide 41 arranged at distances from each other in parallel and
which serve in a distinctive manner for the positioning of the transverse
carriers 3. The location aids 41 can again comprise optically effective
and mechanically applied markings which are very durable even in the case
of rougher building operations and soiling due to concrete being poured on
these.
This also applies to the location aids 31, 63 on the transverse carriers 3
or the longitudinal carriers 6 which, for example, are produced by burning
these into the wood of the transverse carriers 3 and the longitudinal
carriers 6. However, for example, especially applied marking plates or the
like which are resistant to mechanical influence can fulfill the same
function.
The side view of a transverse carrier 3 in again shown in FIG. 4 with
regularly spaced location aids 31. In this exemplary embodiment, the
location aids 31 extend around the entire periphery in a partial region of
the outer wall of the transverse carrier 3. However, it is equally
possible to apply these only on the lower side of the cord of the
transverse carrier 3. The illustration shown in FIG. 4 applies equally to
a longitudinal carrier 6.
A cross section through a transverse carrier 3 and a longitudinal carrier 6
lying beneath this according to a further exemplary embodiment of the
invention is shown in FIG. 5. The transverse carrier 3 has at its lower
cord side a conical depression 32 into which the corresponding formed
cone-shaped elevation 62 of the longitudinal carrier 6 can be fitted.
Thus, in erecting the ceiling form, the support positions of the
longitudinal carrier 6 and those of the transverse carrier 3 can be
determined without problems or doubt. These mechanically effective and
substantially form-locked depressions 61 and elevations 62, respectively,
are to be applied at the same intervals an in the exemplary embodiments
according to FIGS. 1 to 4.
A cross section through a longitudinal carrier 6 and a partially broken
away support 1 beneath this is shown in FIG. 6. As can be seen in this
illustration, the longitudinal carriers 6 are again provided with a
conical depression 61 into which a cone-shaped elevation 11 of the support
engages. The conical depressions 61 on the longitudinal carrier 6 are
again formed into the lower side of a cord of the longitudinal support 6,
wherein the same spacings are to be provided as already described in
respect of the preceding exemplary embodiments.
When the entire ceiling formwork system is erected, the overseer can with a
simple control observation examine the correct spacings of the individual
elements such as supports 1, 2, longitudinal carriers 6 and the transverse
carriers 3 an in the case of correct positioning, the respectively
associated optical location aids 31, 41, 63 are substantially covered
either by the formwork elements 1, 2, 3, 6--of these are applied to the
underside of the elements 1, 2, 3, 4, 6--or the associated ceiling
formwork elements 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 must lie substantially in the area of
these location aids 31, 41, 63. This equally applies in the case of the
mechanically effective location aids 11, 32, 61, 42 which in an incorrect
position are obviously not correctly engaged or clearly wrongly located.
The foregoing description has been limited to a specific embodiment of the
invention. It will be apparent, however, that variations and modifications
can be made to the invention, with the attainment of some or all of the
advantages of the invention. Therefore, it is the object of the appended
claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come within the
true spirit and scope of the invention.
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