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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates, in general, to fabrication of optical devices and,
more particularly, to interconnecting optical devices and optical fibers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The coupling of an optical device or array of optical devices, an optical
fiber or array of optical fibers, and an interconnecting substrate can be
a difficult task. Usually the coupling is done manually or semi manually
and can incur several problems such as being complex, inefficient, and not
suitable for high volume manufacturing.
In order to reduce electrical parasitics, short electronic interconnects
are needed between semiconductor photonic devices such as lasers and
photodiodes and electronic interface circuitry. This electronic circuitry
may include photonic signal drivers and photonic signal receivers. The
need for decreased distance between photonic devices and electrical
interface circuitry increases as the signaling data rate increases.
Photonic components are often placed on simple carrier substrates to
verify operation, to do bum-in, or simply to facilitate handling of that
device. This photonic device and carrier substrate are then placed on
another substrate and additional packaging is completed. This packaging
adds additional electrical interfaces, such as wire bonds and long
non-controlled impedance wires, decreasing the electrical performance of
the photonic device.
In order to reduce optical losses and parasitics, efficient coupling of
optical signals is needed. As optical signals tend to diverge from their
original transmission axis, coupling devices or waveguides must be
proximate optical transmitting and receiving devices. Signal loss
increases with increased distances from an optical port to an optical
connector, unless light is adequately directed through a coupling device.
One example of a setup with limitations because of increased distance
between the optical device and optical fiber is an electro-optic TO can
with an optical port. After placing the optical component in a can and
making electrical wire bonds, further packaging must be done in the
alignment with a fiber optic cable. The distance between the optical
device and the fiber is often relatively large, minimizing or eliminating
the possibility of multiple optical devices on the same semiconductor
substrate. With increased distances between a waveguide and multiple
optical devices disposed on the same semiconductor, optical cross talk can
reduce signal integrity.
Some prior art devices have reduced the length of electrical and/or optical
interconnects by placing multiple components on a common, flexible
substrate. Other prior art references teach of the use of lensing systems
to guide light appropriately, thus allowing multiple optical devices on
the same semiconductor while minimizing optical losses. Yet, lensing may
require multiple optical couplings which can lead to signal loss. In
addition, multiple waveguides require additional steps in aligning optical
signals with an external optical waveguides and connectors, thus
increasing manufacturing costs and decreasing yield.
Commonly used vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) structures and
photodiode structures have both electrical contacts and optical ports on
the same surface of the semiconductor, creating packaging problems when
trying to optimize the performance of each of these interfaces. These
packaging problems are exacerbated when the optical components have arrays
of optical devices. A novel packaging technique is described below under
illustrated embodiments of the invention that combines complex electrical
and optical trace patterns, and simplifies packaging by using a common
transparent substrate. This transparent photonic circuit board could
support arrays of photonic chips and electrical interface circuitry while
reducing electrical losses, optical losses, and manufacturing costs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method and apparatus are provided for providing an electro-optic signal
processing device. The method includes the steps of providing an optically
transparent substrate having first and second planar elements with an
abutting common edge, the planar elements lying at differing angles with
respect to each other about the common edge and a plurality of alignment
apertures formed in the substrate. A plurality of optical devices of an
optical array are disposed on the first planar element of the substrate,
with transmission paths of the optical devices passing directly through
the substrate. A signal processor is also disposed on the first planar
element of the substrate. An optical fiber holder comprising a plurality
of respective optical fibers and guide pin apertures disposed on a first
surface of the optical fiber holder is aligned to the optical array using
the guide pins and guide pin apertures. Optical signals of the optical
devices of the optical array are coupled to respective optical fibers of
the aligned optical fiber holder. A printed circuit board having a first
surface is attached to a mating surface of the substrate's second planar
element.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an electro-optic communications
device in accordance with an illustrated embodiment of the invention, in a
context of use.
FIG. 2 illustrates a bottom view of an optically transparent substrate with
corresponding features and components on the substrate.
FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of an optically transparent substrate with
corresponding features and components on the substrate.
FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of an optically transparent substrate
with electrical traces traversing over a hinge on the substrate.
FIG. 5 illustrates an enlarged perspective view of a removed portion of the
substrate.
FIG. 6 illustrates a top view of an electro-optic communication system.
FIG. 7a illustrates a perspective view of a bent substrate with
corresponding components, features, and traces on the substrate.
FIG. 7b illustrates a perspective view of a bent substrate with the hinge
in a different location.
FIG. 8a is a broken perspective view of a structural material creating a
flexible interconnect region, in an alternate embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8b is a side view of a structural material creating a flexible
interconnect region, in an alternate embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 illustrates an electro-optic communications assembly 10 in a context
of use, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. Included in
the communications assembly 10 may be a printed circuit board 20,
optically transparent, relatively rigid substrate 11 with a right angle
bend, and an alignment mechanism 50 for holding optical fibers 54 in
alignment with an active optical device 18. The printed circuit board 20
may be any suitable material such as FR4, ceramic interconnect, or the
like. The printed circuit board 20 may have a plurality of electrical and
optical devices for signal processing, as well as electrical traces and
electrical pads (not shown in the figures). The optically transparent
substrate 11 may comprise glass or a glass-like structure having desirable
optical and structural properties. The optically transparent substrate 11
may be divided into an upright portion and a horizontal portion. A second
surface 86 of the horizontal portion of the substrate 11 may be attached
to a first surface of the printed circuit board 20 as shown in FIG. 1. A
method for attaching may include use of a conductive adhesive or similar
material.
FIG. 2 illustrates a bottom view of a planarized optically transparent
substrate 11. The substrate 11 may include the active optical device 18, a
signal processor 16, electrical traces 22, and electrical pads 24. It will
be understood that the active optical device 18 can be any suitable
photonic device or array of photonic devices including photo-transmitters,
photoreceivers, or a combination thereof. A photo-transmitter can be any
suitable device such as a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL),
light emitting diode (LED), or the like. Furthermore, any suitable
photo-receiving device can be used, such as a photodiode, i.e., P-I-N
diode, PN diode, or the like. Thus, the active optical device 18 can be a
broad range of photoactive devices with transmitting and receiving
capabilities. Each optical array may have a number of optical ports 30 for
coupling optical signals to a respective photoactive device. The optical
ports 30 define the optically active surfaces of the optical device 18.
The optical ports 30 provide an optical transmission path to photonics
transmitters, receivers, or a combination of transmitters and receivers.
The transmission paths 32 and 34 of the optical device 18 may pass
directly through the substrate 11 to which the device 18 is attached, as
shown in FIG. 3. In the view shown in FIG. 2, the transmission paths could
be normal to the substrate 11 (i.e., transmitting out of the page).
The substrate 11 may also comprise a signal processor 16. The signal
processor 16 may be an amplifier mechanically attached to the substrate 11
by a conductive adhesive, solder bumps, or similar bonding technique. The
signal processor 16 may be electrically connected to the active optical
device 18 by stud/solder bumps with corresponding electrical traces 22
that may traverse the length of the substrate 11. Electrical traces 22 may
be defined on the substrate 11 by conventional photolithographic etching
processing, or a by any similar process. The substrate 11 may also have
electrical traces 22 and electrical pads 24 for electrically
interconnecting components that are a combination of those attached and
those not attached to the substrate 11. For example, wire bonds 60, (shown
in FIG. 3), may be disposed between electrical pads 24 on the substrate 11
and nearby opto-electric components, or to the printed circuit board 20.
Alignment apertures 26 (FIG. 2) may also be provided on the substrate 11.
To properly align the optical ports 30 of the optical array 18 to the
optical fibers 54 of the fiber holding alignment mechanism 50, alignment
apertures 26 are formed in the substrate 11. The apertures 26 passing
through the substrate 11 may be disposed on opposing sides of the optical
array 18, precisely positioned relative to the optical array 18 proximate
a first edge 80 of the substrate 11. Alignment apertures 26 may be formed
using conventional techniques such as laser ablation, chemical etching,
plasma etching, or a similar process. Alignment pins 28 may be inserted
concurrently through the apertures 26 formed in the substrate 11 and into
apertures 52 formed on a first surface 56 of the fiber holding alignment
mechanism 50, thereby aligning the optically transparent substrate 11 and
optical array 18 with the fiber holding alignment mechanism 50 and its
respective optical fibers 54. In a preferred embodiment of the invention,
the fiber holding alignment mechanism 50 could be a standard MT connector
manufactured by US Conec or Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (US Conec Part
number MTF-12MM7).
The alignment pins 28 aligning the optical array 18 to the fiber holding
alignment mechanism 50 may be held in place by an alignment pin holder 29.
The pin holder 29 may be located proximate the first surface 84 of the
substrate 11, opposite the fiber holding alignment mechanism 50. The pin
holder 29 (shown in FIG. 1) may be attached to the electrical IC 16. The
electrical IC 16 is shown, in FIG. 8b, attached to the substrate 11 by a
conductive adhesive 62, or similar material. The guide pins 28 may be
attached to the pin holder 29 by an adhesive, or the pins 28 and holder 29
could be formed by a conventional insert molding or compression fit
process.
FIG. 3 illustrates a side view in an embodiment of the invention. Here the
electrical IC 16 is shown electrically connected to the substrate 11 by
means of wire bonds 60. The wire bonds 60 may be attached to electrical
pads 24, which may be attached to electrical traces 22, which may be
attached to the substrate 11. It is understood that the electrical IC can
be electrically connected to the substrate 11 by additional means such as
solder or stud bumps. The optical IC 18 can also be electrically connected
to the substrate 11 by means of wire bonds, stud bumps, solder bumps, or
any other similar electrical attachment method.
Also shown in FIG. 3 is the optical transmission axis 32 and 34. The
optical device 18 could be a transmitting device, and light would
propagate from the device 18 and travel through the substrate 11 in the
direction 32 shown. The optical device 18 could be a receiving device, and
light coming in the direction of the arrow 34 would pass through the
substrate 11 and strike the receiving device 18. In either case, optical
energy 32 and 34 would pass directly through the optically transparent
substrate 11. In an embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3 using an
example of a laser for the optical array 18, light must propagate 32
through the substrate 11 and away from or at least parallel to the planar
surface 21 to which the substrate 11 is attached. Otherwise, if the
substrate 11 did not have the right-angle bend as shown in FIG. 1, then
light would strike the surface the top surface 21 of the PCB 20, the
surface to which the substrate 11 is mounted to, and not enter a waveguide
50. Yet, if the portion of the substrate 11 having optical energy paths 32
and 34 was not in direct contact with the PCB 20, a waveguide could then
be placed proximate the opposing surface 86 of the substrate 11.
As shown in FIGS. 1, 7a, and 7b, the substrate 11 may have a 90 degree bend
to allow optical signals to travel parallel to the PCB 20. As illustrated
in FIGS. 4, 5, 7a, and 7b the 90 degree bend in the substrate 11 may be
formed by breaking the substrate along a groove 46 and rotating a portion
of the substrate 11 about the groove 46. After breaking, the substrate 11
may then become a two-member body, having relatively rigid planar elements
12 and 14. The groove 46, shown in the greatly enlarged underside
cut-a-way view of FIG. 5, may be formed on the second surface 86 of the
substrate 11, along the width 72 of the substrate 11, and at any location
along the length 74 of the substrate 11. The groove 46 could be formed
using a conventional laser ablation, laser scribing, or mechanical
scribing process. The groove 46 may traverse the width 72 while not
extending through the thickness 76 of the substrate 11, as illustrated in
FIG. 5 (i.e., about 90% through the thickness). If the groove 46 is formed
completely through the thickness 76 of the substrate, the electrical
traces 22 could be damaged or separated. The broken substrate 11 with
first and second planar elements 12 and 14 may have an abutting common
edge 70, as shown in FIG. 4. Upon forming the groove 46 partially through
the substrate 11, the grooved substrate 11 could be placed in a mechanical
fixture that could break the substrate 11 by rotating a planar element 12
or 14 about the groove 46 with respect to the other planar element.
The first and second planar elements 12, 14 may be rotated to any position
with respect to the common edge 70. Once rotated, the first and second
planar elements 12, 14 may lie at differing angles with respect to each
other about the common edge 70 (e.g., the planar elements may form an
angle of 90 degrees on one side and 270 degrees on the other side).
Conductive traces 22 may traverse the substrate 11 (i.e., connect the two
halves 12, 14 of the substrate 11) and may structurally and electrically
interconnect the two planar elements. The conductive traces 22 traversing
the two planar elements may form a hinge 42 extending the width 72 of the
substrate 11 (the hinge 42 being located along the common edge 70). The
second planar element 14 may be rotated along the hinge 42 to any desired
angle 88. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the second
planar element 14 may be rotated ninety degrees, forming a ninety-degree
angle with the substrate's first planar element 12. Rotating of the
substrate to a desired angle 88 could complete the process of breaking the
substrate 11 into two sections 12 and 14. That is, the planar substrate 11
could be broken and rotated to a desired angle 88 by necessarily rotating
the second planar element 14 of the substrate 11 about the hinge 42, thus
eliminating the specific manufacturing process of breaking the substrate
11. Rotating the second planar element 14 of the substrate 11 allows the
transmission axis 32 and 34 of the optical array 18 to be aligned parallel
to the first planar element 12 of the substrate 11, further promoting
planarity and thus manufacturability.
FIG. 6 is a top view illustrating the mating of the second surface 86 of
the second planar element 14 of the substrate 11 with the first surface 56
of the optical fiber holder 50. The alignment pins 28 may be inserted
through the alignment apertures 52 of the fiber holder 50. As shown in
FIGS. 1 and 6, the alignment pin holder 29 may restrict rotation 88 of the
second planar element 14 about the hinge 42. The pin holder 29 and the
first surface 84 of the second planar element 14 may then be mechanically
attached by an adhesive 62 or similar material, once the desired angle of
rotation 88 is achieved. The alignment pin holder 29 may also contain a
removed section 31 located proximate the optical array 18. The removed
section 31 may prevent the pin holder 29 from coming in contact with and
hence exerting a force on the optical array 18 and possibly causing
damage. Thus, the section 33 of the pin holder 29 without a removed
section 31 may then come in contact with the first surface 84 of the
second planar element 14 of the substrate 11. The first surface 56 of the
optical fiber holder 50 may be coincident with the second surface 86 of
the second planar element 14 of the substrate 11, as shown in FIG. 6.
Optical signals 32 and 34 passing directly through the second planar
element 14 of the substrate 11 would form an optical interface of light
transmission.
Alternative Embodiments of the Invention
As previously stated, the substrate's break region or hinge 42 could be
located at any location along the length 74 of the substrate. In a
preferred embodiment of the invention the groove 46 on the substrate 11
would be located between the optical array 18 and the electrical IC 16 on
the second surface 86 of the substrate 11. In an additional embodiment of
the invention shown in FIG. 7b, the groove 46 and corresponding hinge 42
could be located on the substrate 11 between a second edge 82 and the
electrical IC 16.
In another embodiment of the invention, the bending of the substrate 11
could be performed by using a heated wire bending process, thus
eliminating the laser ablation process. The substrate 11 could be placed
in a mechanical fixture that would heat a portion of the substrate 11
using a thin, hot wire. The temperature of the substrate 11 would rise
appropriately to facilitate the bending of the substrate 11. The substrate
11 would not have a break region, but would have a hinge 42 as stated
before.
FIG. 8a and FIG. 8b show a thin, structural material 44 that could be
disposed on the hinge 42 of the substrate 11, on the first surface 84, in
an alternate embodiment of the invention. This material could be placed on
the hinge whether a heated wire or laser ablation process is used to bend
the substrate 11. The material could comprise a flexible insulative
material such as a polyimide. Common trade names for polyimide are
"KAPTON" and "UPLEX." The material 44 could form a layer over the
electrical traces 22, 58 on the hinge 42.
Additional traces 58 could be placed on the substrate as shown in FIGS. 4,
7a, 7b, and 8a. The traces could be formed using conventional
photolithography etching techniques, or a similar process. The traces
could provide mechanical strength in supporting the second planar element
14 of the substrate 14 in the desired angular position 88.
An additional mechanical strength (not shown) layer could be deposited over
the metal traces, bonding to both the first layer of polyimide 44 and the
traces 22 and 58, thus creating a flex interconnect region. Additional
metal traces (not shown) could traverse over this flex region to provide
additional mechanical interconnection or to provide a ground plane. The
flexible, structural material 44 could be applied before the substrate 11
is broken and rotated by a liquid deposition process. The thin layer 44
could be formed by using a spinning and screen-printing process.
While a specific embodiment of the invention has been shown and described,
further modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the
art. This invention, therefore, is not limited to the particular forms
shown, and the appended claims cover all modifications that do not depart
from the spirit and scope of this invention.
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