A process and apparatus for the separation of complex mixtures of carbonaceous material by sequential elution with successively stronger solvents. In the process, a column containing glass beads is maintained in a fluidized state by a rapidly flowing stream of a weak solvent, and the sample is injected into this flowing stream such that a portion of the sample is dissolved therein and the remainder of the sample is precipitated therein and collected as a uniform deposit on the glass beads. Successively stronger solvents are then passed through the column to sequentially elute less soluble materials.
A method for easily and quickly determining the tendency of a petroleum fraction (oil or resid) to foul in refinery equipment comprises determining the ratio of the saturates or aromatics (polar, neutral or total): asphaltenes for the petroleum in question and comparing this ratio with a plot of ratios and fouling tendencies for a set of prior oils or resids. It has been found that the ratio and the relationship to fouling are completely consistent and reproducible phenomenon which thereby provide a rapid means for a substantially quantitative measure of fouling tendency.
The invention is a device for sampling and/or injecting a fluid which evolves according to a reversible reaction, that enables the fluid to be restored to its initial state. The device inside a fluid sampling enclosure produces a counterpressure value necessary for restoring the fluid to its initial state without causing a change in its composition.
A method and device for increasing the loading capacity of a chromatography column through dilution of a mobile phase at the head of the column. A strong mobile phase is provided for dissolving a sample. A sample is injected into the strong mobile phase, and subsequently diluted with a weak mobile phase. The resulting sample-containing weak mobile phase is passed through a chromatography column for retention and separation of the components of the sample.
The invention relates to a liquid chromatography based on a very small liquid feeding rate, where a liquid sample containing components to be detected, such as anion species, is mixed with an eluting solution, the resulting liquid mixture is continuously passed through a separation column, whereby the components to be detected are held in the separation column, then a predetermined amount of an extraction liquid as an aliquot is injected into the stream of the liquid mixture, and the liquid mixture is continuously passed through the separation column after the injected extraction liquid has passed through the separation column. The thus obtained chromatogram has peaks corresponding to the consumptions of the components to be detected in the liquid mixture. According to the present invention the unpractical problem that a very trace amount of a liquid sample has been so far injected when a flow rate of the eluting solution is low can be completely solved.
A process and apparatus are disclosed for the demineralization of ground bone particles or pieces of cancellous or cortical bone. The apparatus includes multiple solution reservoirs which supply solutions to be pumped into one or more columns filled with bone samples to be demineralized. Solvent outflowing from the column(s) can be monitored for pH, calcium ion concentration or conductivity as a basis for determining when demineralization is complete. During the delipidization phase of processing, lipid solute can be monitored by photometry, or a small assay of the eluent can be dropped into deionized water to see whether a precipitate develops. Flow through the apparatus, including the types and amounts of solutions to be flowed through the apparatus, can be manually or computer controlled.
