A soil or ground reinforcing material consisting of Al--Fe oxides mixture the main contents of which are iron oxide made from fine iron oxide powder byproduced in steel production and Aluminum oxide made from red mud by-produced in Aluminum smeltering and lime added therein is mixed into a soil containing crushed stones, natural soil, etc., and further Titanium oxide is mixed into the above soil or ground reinforcing material to make Al--Fe--Ti oxides mixture in which lime is added and mix this material into a soil or ground containing crushed stones, natural soil, etc. to enhance the strength and viscoelasticity thereof. The content of the Titanium oxide in the soil or ground reinforcing material is within the range of 0.5-2.0% by weight.

A method of reducing emissions from fumigant-injected soils wherein a potassium thiosulfate solution is applied to the soil surface. The method has been found to be effective for chloropicrin treated soils as well as soils treated with 1,3-dichloropropene The method provides the additional benefit of adding nutrient to the soil.

A flowable fill composition is shown which is prepared by mixing together a lime component, a pozzolanic component, aggregate material and water. The composition has a set compressive strength after 28 days of 2000 psi or less and is characterized by the substantial absence of cement or other self-setting adhesive components.

A method for providing a composite capping cover for maintaining the surface of a sulphide bearing tailing and mine waste containing deposit moist thereby substantially eliminating oxidation of the sulphidic particulate in the deposit and the formation of heavy metal salts. The moisture is provided by atmospheric precipitation. The composite capping cover comprises a fine particulate layer, a fine-granular particulate layer and a coarse-granular particulate layer, the particle sizes of the particles making up the individual the layers having been selected such that the hydraulic conductivity of the layers increases with successive layers while the matric suction value within the layers decreases.

A method and formulation are shown for capping the exposed surface of an aggregate of materials, such as exposed land areas with fine particulate mining wastes. A mineral formulation is prepared by mixing together lime, a pozzolanic component, a sulfate component, a cellulosic component and water. The mineral formulation is applied to the exposed aggregate and is allowed to harden to form a surface coating thereon. A seed component or a coloring additive can be incorporated within the slurry for revegetating land areas and to enhance the esthetic appearance of the hardened cap.