The flow of alternating current electrical power between electrode(s) and ground electrode(s) in contact with a working fluid is utilized in separating materials within the working fluid and to agitate the working fluid and separate contaminants within the fluid. The systems can be tubular or box-like and are controlled through sensors and a computer. The working fluids can be mineral ores, industrial wastes, contaminated earth, etc.

A process for converting carbon or carbonated compounds in a plasma into carbons having a defined nanostructure consists of a reaction chamber whose head part contains three electrodes, a plasma gas supply, and a carbon or carbonated compound supply. A process for preparing carbons having a defined nanostructure. Apparatus to carry out the processes.

A method for increasing homogeneously the wettability of a porous body vis a vis a fluid includes a step in which the porous body is exposed in a treatment chamber to a nitrogen plasma generated by an electromagnetic wave discharge in nitrogen gas. Applications include increasing the wettability of a marker tip.

The invention relates to cathodically depositable, aqueous electrodeposition coating materials which are characterized in that they contain particles of wax having a diameter of from 1 to 20 .mu.m.

A process and apparatus for electrolytically depositing a uniform metal layer onto a workpiece is provided. The workpiece, for example a circuit board, serves as a cathode. The anode is insoluble and dimensionally stable. Both anode and cathode are immersed in a plating solution contained in an electrolytic container. The solution includes (a) ions of the metal to be deposited on the workpiece, (b) an additive substance for controlling physical-mechanical properties of the metal to be deposited,...

A circuit trace/solder pad interface for closely spaced circuit traces is presented in which solder must be deposited to form a solder pad upon the circuit trace and the solder not migrate onto the circuit trace upon solder reflow. Through the intentional selection of solderably incompatible metals for the circuit trace and the solder pad, the solder pad may be isolated from the circuit trace thereby retaining solder on the pad. Furthermore a method for fabricating this circuit trace/solder pad ...

A technique for improving the tarnish and oxidation resistance of copper and copper based alloy materials is disclosed. Copper or a copper alloy is immersed in an aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide, zinc ions and chromium (VI) ions. While the compositional ranges may vary, the concentration of either zinc ions or chromium (VI) ions, or both, is less than 1.0 gm/l. A chromium-zinc coating is electrolytically applied. The coating provides tarnish resistance at temperatures in excess of 1...

The present invention provides a method for producing high density electronic circuit boards comprising the steps of depositing a layer of a first metal upon a layer of foil to produce a composite then attaching the composite to an insulative support to produce a laminate. The layer of foil is then removed from the layer of first metal. Photoresist is then applied to the layer of first metal, exposed and developed. During the development of the photoresist portions of the photoresist are removed...

In a method for electrocoating an electrically conductive surface serving as an electrode, which method comprises passing an electrical current between the electrically conductive surface to be electrocoated and a counter electrode in contact with an electrodeposition bath comprising a synthetic resin ionically dispersed in an aqueous medium, wherein improvement comprises (a) adding a complexing agent, and then (b) removing at least a portion of the complexing agent along with metals coordinated...

An electrocoagulation printing method comprises the steps of (a) providing a positive electrolytically inert electrode having a continuous passivated surface moving at substantially constant speed along a predetermined path, the passivated surface defining a positive electrode active surface; (b) coating the positive electrode active surface with an olefinic substance and silica to form on the surface micro-droplets of olefinic substance containing the silica; (c) forming on the olefin and silic...