A visual and audio system for theaters includes a spherical screen having a desired radius of curvature while having a surface reflectivity of 5-50%, and a projector located at a focal point of the spherical screen. The curvature radius of the spherical screen corresponds to the projection distance of the projector. The image projected from the projector at the focal point of the spherical screen is reflected from the spherical screen in a horizontal direction. Accordingly, viewers can view imag...

A uniform radiation intensity generation box using a symmetrical lighting source is constructed to include a housing, the housing having a top opening for the mounting of a camera for taking photos of a real object and a door at one side, a plurality of lamp tubes vertically symmetrically provided inside the housing, and a plurality of diffusion plates mounted inside the housing and covered over the lamp tubes, each diffusion plate having a plurality of diffusing grains uniformly arranged in one...

Disclosed is a rear projection screen that includes a plurality of tapered waveguides and a light absorbing layer disposed over the tops of the waveguides, but that does not completely fill the spaces between the waveguides, thereby forming an interstitial low index region under the light absorbing layer and between the waveguides. The low index interstitial region can include air or a material that has a lower index of refraction than the waveguide material. This rear projection screen construc...

A reticle carrier used in semiconductor manufacture. The carrier includes a bottom cover and a top cover having a transparent window. A protective lid may also be included. The box includes ports to allow nitrogen gas to enter and purge the inside. The transparent window is used for inspection and photochemical clean. However, since no material is available which can suitably handle smaller wavelength radiation, the reticle is removed from the carrier when exposure at these wavelengths is requir...

A projection optical system and method projects and forms an image of a pattern arrayed on a first surface (mask), and exhibiting a periodicity in a predetermined direction (X- or Y-direction), on a second surface (wafer). A stop has an aperture showing a line symmetry with respect to a symmetric axis intersecting an optical axis of the projection optical system and extending in a direction (Y- or X-direction) orthogonal to the predetermined direction and having the outline at least a part of wh...

A screen for a rear projection type projector includes a main screen formed by bonding a plurality of lenticular lens sheets into one with the edges thereof as a junction plane, and a transmissive diffusion screen for rear use including an image forming layer and a transparent layer arranged behind the main screen on an optical path of light fluxes projected from a projector, wherein the junction plane is located at a position near the center of a main surface of the main screen.

Rear projection screens use lenticular lens films as light dispersing components. A single lenticular lens film includes lenticular lenses having different focal powers, or includes lenticular lenses formed in two dimensional patterns. The lenticular lens films improve the brightness uniformity over the entire screen as viewed by a viewer who is located at a specific position. The specific position is typically selected to be the most probable location of the viewer for the particular applicatio...

Provided is an electronic view finder for use in a video camera apparatus that by making the relative position between an LCD and an ocular lens unit proper can decrease the rotatory polarization characteristic and can thereby enhance the contrast of the image. When a liquid crystal image screen surface has the characteristic of Viewing-Angle that this screen surface is seen with its contrast or brightness being different according to the direction in which to see the screen surface, the center ...

A zoom lens system which allows a reduction in size. This zoom lens makes two points at different distances have an optically conjugate relationship, and sequentially includes, from a first conjugate point side at a longer distance to a second conjugate point side at a shorter distance, a first lens unit having a negative optical power, a second lens unit, a third lens unit, a fourth lens unit, a fifth lens unit, and a sixth lens unit. A plurality of lens units of the first to sixth lens units m...

A method is provided for transferring a mask pattern on a mask onto each of a plurality of shot areas on a substrate by synchronously moving the mask and the substrate with respect to an exposing radiation flux. The method includes the steps of optimizing run-up distances of the mask and the substrate with respect to each of the plurality of shot areas, determining respective acceleration starting positions for the mask and the substrate for the shot area to be exposed in accordance with the cor...