An electrode unit of an extreme ultraviolet radiation generator comprise a breakdown voltage impression electrode, a ground electrode, an insulator provided in contact with the breakdown voltage impression electrode and the ground electrode in which plasma is generated between the discharge electrodes thereby emitting extreme ultraviolet radiation from the generated plasma, wherein at least one of the breakdown voltage impression electrode and the ground electrode includes a cooling portion whic...

This invention relates to multiple coiled incandescent filaments and more particularly to a single strand filament wire, coreless, triple-coil filament for an incandescent lamp having mandrel ratios in either or both its second or third coiling less than 1.0.

A method for fabricating an electrode having extended operating life comprising brazing a cap and adapter to an insulator composed of magnesium oxide-stabilized zirconia (MSZ), calcium oxide stabilized zirconia (CSZ) or yttroim oxide-stabilized (YSZ). Electrodes comprising insulators composed of CSZ, MSZ and/or YSZ are also described.

It is an object of the invention to prevent not only cracking but also blocking of an electrode layer 20 and an electrically insulating layer 30, particularly the electrically insulating layer 30, which is formed on a base film 10. An electrode apparatus comprises a base film 10 for defining a recess 50 at the inner periphery of a bending part 500, and an electrode layer 20 and an electrically insulating layer 30 which are pattern formed on the base film 10. The electrode layer 20 crosses the be...

A surface-emission cathode formed on an insulating surface having cantilevered, i.e. "undercut," electrodes. Suitable insulating surfaces include negative electron affinity (NEA) insulators such as glass or diamond. The cathode can operate in a comprised vacuum (e.g., 10.sup.-7 Torr) with no bias on the electrodes and low vacuum electric fields (e.g., at least 10 V cm.sup.-1). Embodiments of the present invention are inexpensive to fabricate, requiring lithographic resolution of approximately 10...

A electron emission cathode includes an emitter having an apex from which electrons are emitted. The emitter is attached to a heating filament at a junction and extends from the junction both forward toward the apex and rearward. A reservoir of material that lowers the work function of the emitter is positioned on the rearward extending portion of the emitter. By positioning the reservoir on the rearward extending portion, the reservoir can be positioned sufficiently far from the junction to red...

It is an object of the present invention to assuredly prevent occurrence of minute cracks in a seal portion of a lamp for improvement of the pressure resistance and service life of the lamp. To achieve the object, there is provided a seal structure of a lamp including: (a) a lamp envelope having a light emitting tube and a seal portion; (b) a metal foil embedded in the seal portion of the lamp envelope; (c) a light emitting element attached to one of opposite ends of the metal foil and disposed ...

An electron gun having a cathode of a lanthanum hexaboride single crystal is disclosed in which the axis of the cathode is set to such a crystal orientation that the electron beam has two intensive emission regions which are asymmetrical with each other in intensity. In the electron gun, even at a low heating temperature of the cathode, a single spot of an image by the electron beam of a more intensive emission region since the electron beam of a weaker intensity emission region is blocked by an...

An electrode pellet formed of a compacted powder electrode material is held in a metal receptacle having a restricted opening. An electrically conductive lead is affixed to the exterior surface of the receptacle at a point removed from the opening. The receptacle and pellet with lead attached are encapsulated in a unitary plastic housing having a restricted opening which exposes a surface of the pellet. The housing is formed of a plastic crush pad and a molded plastic body which are fused togeth...

Apparatus for direct spectrometric analysis of molten metals has a spectrometer connected with a light-conveying tube provided at its free end with a coupling for an expendable tubular extension which is immersible into a bath of molten metal. A main electrode in the extension is connected with a spark generator by way of the tube and the generator produces a spark between the electrode and the surface of molten metal in the extension when the distance between such surface and the electrode is w...