A process is described to modify the chemical structure of an aerogel under conditions which inhibit plasma formation within the aerogel pores, which process includes; (a) providing an aerogel with a pore size of less than 0.1.mu.; (b) exposing the initial aerogel to at least one gas selected from the group consisting of reducing gas, oxidizing gas, noble gas and combinations thereof, with the proviso that at least one reducing gas or one oxidizing gas is present; and (c) irradiating the combina...

The invention relates to an electrochemical cell which has an electrode, a membrane disposed in contact with one side of the electrode, and a resilient flow field disposed on the other side of the electrode. The resilient flow field provides uniform electrical contact with the electrode. Such a flow field is preferably an elastomer, which can be be made by molding techniques, thereby decreasing the cost and increasing the ease with which such a flow field may be manufactured. The resilient flow ...

The invention relates to cathodically depositable, aqueous electrodeposition coating materials which are characterized in that they contain particles of wax having a diameter of from 1 to 20 .mu.m.

A process and apparatus for electrolytically depositing a uniform metal layer onto a workpiece is provided. The workpiece, for example a circuit board, serves as a cathode. The anode is insoluble and dimensionally stable. Both anode and cathode are immersed in a plating solution contained in an electrolytic container. The solution includes (a) ions of the metal to be deposited on the workpiece, (b) an additive substance for controlling physical-mechanical properties of the metal to be deposited,...

Methods of providing diffusing risers on a fresnel lens die having a plurality of optical facets, wherein adjacent optical facets are separated by a riser, the method including the steps of depositing a difflusing layer on the plurality of optical facets and the risers, and selectively removing the diffusing layer from the plurality of optical facets, wherein the diffusing layer remains substantially intact on the risers. The diffusing layer can be deposited in an electrolyte bath substantially ...

Molten thermoelectric alloy expressed as (Bi, Sb).sub.2 (Te, Se).sub.3 is rapidly cooled at 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.6 .degree. K/second so as to crystallize the thermoelectric alloy, and powder of the thermoelectric alloy is hot pressed under the pressure equal to or greater than 400 kgf/cm.sup.2 at 200 degrees to 400 degrees in centigrade for a time period between {(-T/5)+90} minutes and 150 minutes or at 400 degrees to 500 degrees in centigrade for a time period between 5 minutes and 150 minutes so...

This invention relates to the formation and use of a variable, multilayer system of discrete, discontinuous and nonsequential molecular sieves, comprising of agarose-acrylic gels of distinct composition. Each of the individual gel-layers of the system is designed according to partition and/or retardation coefficients for specific retention and therefore selective separation of selected molecules of different molecular sizes. The unique multilayer composite acrylic gel system of this invention ma...

A method for measuring the concentration of glucose diffused from a source to a working electrode which assembly includes a scavenging electrode is disclosed. The electrode of the invention is comprised of 1) a working electrode; 2) a scavenging electrode; 3) an electroosmotic electrode; and 4) a electrically insulating gap defined by adjacent edges of 1) and 2) and electrically isolating 1) and 2). The scavenging electrode substantially reduces or eliminates "edge-effects" or error in signal tr...

A process for producing metallic lithium starting from an aqueous solution of at least one lithium salt comprises the following steps: (I) Production of a lithium amalgam from an aqueous solution of at least one lithium salt; and (II) Electrolysis using an anode comprising the lithium amalgam, a solid electrolyte which conducts lithium ions, and liquid lithium as cathode, wherein the lithium amalgam as anode is kept in motion.

A gold bonding wire fabrication method, which includes the steps of (a) drawing a non-gold wire rod, for example, a pure silver wire rod or pure palladium wire rod into a core wire of thickness within about 1 .mu.m.about.500 .mu.m, (b) electroplating the core wire with a layer of gold plating of thickness within about 0.025 .mu.m.about.25 .mu.m.