Cyclic imides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor .alpha. and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 2-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-4-azaisoindoline-1,3-dione.

Cyclic amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 3-phenyl-3-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)propionamide.

Cyclic amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 3-phenyl-3-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)propionamide.

Cyclic amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 3-phenyl-3-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)propionamide.

Cyclic imides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor .alpha. and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 2-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-4-azaisoindoline-1,3-dione.

Cyclic amides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, and retrovirus replication. A typical embodiment is 3-phenyl-3-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)propionamide.

Novel amides and imides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor.alpha. and phosphodiesterase and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, retrovirus replication, asthma, and inflammatory conditions.

Novel amides and imides are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor.alpha. and phosphodiesterase and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, retrovirus replication, asthma, and inflammatory conditions.

Cyano and carboxy derivatives of substituted styrenes are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor .alpha., nuclear factor .kappa.B, and phosphodiesterase and can be used to combat cachexia, endotoxic shock, retrovirus replication, asthma, and inflammatory conditions. A typical embodiment is 3,3-bis-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile.

1-Oxo- and 1,3-dioxoisoindolines substituted in the 4- or 5-position of the indoline ring reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF.alpha. in a mammal. A typical embodiment is 4-(4-amino-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.