PHARMACEUTICAL CO-CRYSTAL COMPOSITIONS OF DRUGS SUCH AS CARBAMAZEPINE, CELECOXIB, OLANZAPINE, ITRACONAZOLE, TOPIRAMATE, MODAFINIL, 5-FLUOROURACIL, HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, ACETAMINOPHEN, ASPIRIN, FLURBIPROFEN, PHENYTOIN AND IBUPROFEN
Document Number
CA Patent 2514733
Publication Date
2004-09-16
Link
Inventors
ALMARSSON OERN (US)
RODRIGUEZ-HORNEDO NAIR (US)
MOULTON BRIAN (US)
PETERSON MATTHEW (US)
BOURGHOL HICKEY MAGALI (US)
ZAWOROTKO MICHAEL J (US)
Abstract
Abstract not available for CA2514733
Abstract of corresponding document:
WO2004078163
A pharmaceutical composition comprising a co-crystal of an API and a co-crystal former; wherein the API has at least one functional group selected from ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphinic acid, phosphonic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole, 0-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, pyridine and the co-crystal former has at least one functional group selected from amine, amide, pyridine, imidazole, indole, pyrrolidine, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phenol, sulfone, sulfonyl, mercapto and methyl thio, such that the API and co-crystal former are capable of co-crystallizing from a solution phase under crystallization conditions.
NOVEL CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF CONAZOLES AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME
Inventor: REMENAR JULIUS (US); MACPHEE MICHAEL (US); (+3)
Applicant: TRANSFORM PHARMACEUTICALS INC (US); REMENAR JULIUS (US); (+4)
EC:C07D405/14
IPC: A61K31/506; C07D407/14;A61K31/506(+3)
Publication info: WO2005092884 A1 - 2005-10-06
87
NOVEL SAPERCONAZOLE CRYSTALLINE FORMS AND RELATED PROCESSES, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS
Inventor: SCOPPETTUOLO LISA (US); PETERSON MATTHEW (US); (+2)
Applicant: TRANSFORM PHARMACEUTICALS INC (US); SCOPPETTUOLO LISA (US); (+3)
EC:C07D405/14
IPC: A61K31/496; C07D405/14;A61K31/496(+3)
Publication info: WO2005118577 A1 - 2005-12-15
88
Topiramate salts and compositions comprising and methods of making and using the same.
Inventor: ALMARSSON OERN; REMENAR JULIUS; (+1)
Applicant: ORTHO MCNEIL PHARM INC
EC:
IPC: A61K; A61P; C07D(+5)
Publication info: ZA200407377 A - 2005-10-04
List of citing documents
Claims
CLAIMS: 1. A pharmaceutical co-crystal composition, comprising: an API and a co-crystal former, wherein the API is a liquid or a solid at room temperature and the co-crystal former is a solid at room temperature, and wherein the API and co-crystal former are hydrogen bonded to each other.
2. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein: (a) the co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or
Table II; (b) the API is selected from an API of Table IV; (c) the API is selected from an API of Table IV and the co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or Table II; (d) the API is a liquid at room temperature; (e) the API is a solid at room temperature; (f) the API has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro,S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine; (g) the co-crystal former has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring,
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thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine; (h) the difference in pKa between the API and the co-crystal former does not exceed 2; (i) the solubility of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API; the dose response of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API; (k) the dissolution of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API; (1) the bioavailability of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the
API;(m) the stability of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API ; (n) a difficult to salt or unsaltable API is incorporated into the co-crystal; (o) the hygroscopicity of the co-crystal is decreased as compared to the
API;(p) an amorphous API is crystallized as a component of the co-crystal; (q) the form diversity of the co-crystal is decreased as compared to the
API; or (r) the morphology of the co-crystal is modulated as compared to the API.
3. A pharmaceutical co-crystal composition, comprising: an API, a co-crystal former, and a third molecule; wherein the API is a liquid or a solid at room temperature and the co-crystal former is a solid at room temperature, and wherein the API and the third molecule are bonded to each other, and further wherein the co-crystal former and the third molecule are hydrogen bonded to each other.
4. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claim 3, wherein: (a) the co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or
Table II; (b) the API is selected from an API of Table IV; (c) the API is selected from an API of Table IV and the co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or Table II; (d) the API is a liquid at room temperature;
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(e) the API is a solid at room temperature; (f) the API has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine;(g) the co-crystal former has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine; or (h) the difference in pKa between the API and the co-crystal former does not exceed 2; (i) the solubility of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API; the dose response of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the
API ; (k) the dissolution of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API; (1) the bioavailability of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the
API;(m) the stability of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API ; (n) a difficult to salt or unsaltable API is incorporated into the co-crystal; (o) the hygroscopicity of the co-crystal is decreased as compared to the
API;
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(p) an amorphous API is crystallized as a component of the co-crystal; (q) the form diversity of the co-crystal is decreased as compared to the
API ; or (r) the morphology of the co-crystal is modulated as compared to the API.
5. A pharmaceutical co-crystal composition, comprising: a first and a second API, wherein each API is either a liquid or a solid at room temperature, and wherein the APIs are hydrogen bonded to a molecule.
6. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claim 5, wherein: (a) the first API is hydrogen bonded to the second API; (b) an API is selected from an API of Table IV; (c) each API is selected from an API of Table IV; (d) an API is a liquid at room temperature and the other API is a solid at room temperature; (e) each API is a solid at room temperature; (f) an API has at least one functional group selected from the group consistingof : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine; (g) each API has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo,
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organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine; (h) the difference in pKa between the first API and the second API does not exceed 2; (i) the solubility of the co-crystal is increased as compared to an API;(j) the dose response of the co-crystal is increased as compared to an API;(1 < :) the dissolution of the co-crystal is increased as compared to an API; (1) the bioavailability of the co-crystal is increased as compared to an
API; (m) the stability of the co-crystal is increased as compared to an API ; (n) a difficult to salt or unsaltable API is incorporated into the co-crystal; (o) the hygroscopicity of the co-crystal is decreased as compared to an
API;(p) an amorphous API is crystallized as a component of the co-crystal; (q) the form diversity of the co-crystal is decreased as compared to an
API; or (r) the morphology of the co-crystal is modulated as compared to an API.
7. A pharmaceutical co-crystal composition, comprising: a first and a second co- crystal former, wherein each co-crystal former is a solid at room temperature, and wherein both co-crystal formers are hydrogen bonded to a molecule.
8. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claim 7, wherein: (a) the first co-crystal former is hydrogen bonded to the second co-crystal former; (b) a co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or
Table II ;(c) each co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or Table II;
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(d) a co-crystal former has at least one functional group selected from the group consistingof : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,
(m) the hygroscopicity of the co-crystal is decreased as compared to a co- crystal former ; (n) an amorphous API is crystallized as a component of the co-crystal; (o) the form diversity of the co-crystal is decreased as compared to a co- crystal former; or(p) the morphology of the co-crystal is modulated as compared to a co- crystal former.
9. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein the API is selected from celecoxib, carbamazepine, itraconazole, olanzapine, topiramate, modafinil, 5-fluorouracil, hydrochlorothiazide, acetaminophen, aspirin, flurbiprofen, phenytoin, or ibuprofen.
10. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claim 1,3, 5, or 7, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient, or carrier.
11. A co-crystal comprising an API and a co-crystal former selected from the group consisting of : (a) carbamazepine and saccharin; (b) carbamazepine and nicotinamide; (c) carbamazepine and trimesic acid; (d) celecoxib and nicotinamide; (e) olanzapine and nicotinamide; (f) celecoxib and 18-crown-6; (g) itraconazole and succinic acid; (h) itraconazole and fumaric acid; (i) itraconazole and L-tartaric acid;(j) itraconazole and L-malic acid; (k)itraconazoleHCl and DL-tartaric acid; (1) modafinil and malonic acid;
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(m) modafinil and glycolic acid; (n) modafinil and maleic acid; (o) topiramate and 18-crown-6;(p)5-fluorouracil and urea; (q) hydrochlorothiazide and nicotinic acid; (r) hydrochlorothiazide and18-crown-6 ; (s) hydrochlorothiazide and piperazine; (t) acetaminophen and 4, 4'-bipyridine ;(u) phenytoin and pyridone;(v) aspirin and 4,4'-bipyridine ;(w) ibuprofen and 4,4'-bipyridine ;(x) flurbiprofen and 4,4'-bipyridine ;(y) flurbiprofen and trans-1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene; (z) carbamazepine and p-phthalaldehyde; (aa) carbamazepine and 2, 6-pyridinecarboxylic acid; (bb) carbamazepine and 5-nitroisophthalic acid; (cc) carbamazepine and 1,3, 5,7-adamantane tetracarboxylic acid; and (dd) carbamazepine and benzoquinone.
12. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical co-crystal composition comprising an API and a co-crystalformer, comprising: (a) providing an API and a co-crystal former, wherein the API is a liquid or a solid at room temperature and the co-crystal former is a solid at room temperature; (b) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a solid phase, wherein the API and co-crystal former are hydrogen bonded to each other; (c) isolating co-crystals formed thereby; and
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(d) incorporating the co-crystals into a pharmaceutical composition.
13. The process of claim 12, wherein: (a) the co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or
TableII ; (b) the API is selected from an API of Table IV; (c) the API is selected from an API of Table IV and the co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or Table II; (d) the API is a liquid at room temperature; (e) the API is a solid at room temperature; (f) the API has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine;(g) the co-crystal former has at least one functional group selected from the group consistingof : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,
14. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical co-crystal composition comprising an API, a co-crystal former, and a third molecule, comprising: (a) providing an API and a co-crystal former, wherein the API is a liquid or a solid at room temperature and the co-crystal former is a solid at room temperature; (b) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a solid phase, wherein the API and the third molecule are bonded to each other, and further wherein the co-crystal former and the third molecule are hydrogen bonded to each other ; (c) isolating co-crystals formed thereby; and (d) incorporating the co-crystals into apharmaceutical composition.
15. The process of claim 14, wherein: (a) the co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or
Table II; (b) the API is selected from an API of Table IV;(c) the API is selected from an API of Table IV and the co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or Table II; (d) the API is a liquid at room temperature ; (e) the API is a solid at room temperature; (f) the API has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine;
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(g) the co-crystal former has at least one functional group selected from the group consistingof : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,
(a) the first co-crystal former is hydrogen bonded to the second co-crystal former; (b) a co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or
Table II ;(c) each co-crystal former is selected from a co-crystal former of Table I or Table II; (d) a co-crystal former has at least one functional group selected from the group consistingof : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine; (e) each co-crystal former has at least one functional group selected from the group consistingof : ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine; or (f) the difference in pKa between the first co-crystal former and the second co-crystal former does not exceed 2.
20. The process of claim 12, wherein the API is selected from celecoxib, carbamazepine, itraconazole, olanzapine, topiramate, modafinil,5-fluorouracil, hydrochlorothiazide, acetaminophen, aspirin, flurbiprofen, phenytoin, or ibuprofen.
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21. The process of claim 12, further comprising: incorporating a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient, or carrier.
22. A process of preparing a co-crystal comprising an API and a co-crystal former, comprising : (a) providing an API and a co-crystal former; (b) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a solid phase; and (c) isolating co-crystals formed thereby; wherein the API and the co-crystal former, respectively, are selected from the group consisting of : carbamazepine and saccharin, carbamazepine and nicotinamide, carbamazepine and trimesic acid, celecoxib and nicotinamide, olanzapine and nicotinamide, celecoxib and 18-crown-6, itraconazole and succinic acid, itraconazole and fumaric acid, itraconazole and tartaric acid, itraconazole and malic acid,itraconazoleHCl and tartaric acid, modafinil and malonic acid, modafinil and glycolic acid, modafinil and maleic acid, topiramate and18-crown-6, 5-fluorouracil and urea, hydrochlorothiazide and nicotinic acid, hydrochlorothiazide and18-crown-6, hydrochlorothiazide and piperazine, acetaminophen and 4, 4'-bipyridine, phenytoin and pyridone, aspirin and 4,4'-bipyridine, ibuprofen and 4,4'-bipyridine, flurbiprofen and 4,4'-bipyridine, flurbiprofen and trans- 1, 2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene, carbamazepineand p-phthalaldehyde, carbamazepine and 2,6-pyridinecarboxylic acid, carbamazepine and 5-nitroisophthalic acid, carbamazepine and 1,3, 5,7-adamantanetetracarboxylic acid, and carbamazepine and benzoquinone.
<
23. A process for modulating the solubility of an API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises: (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal forming compound;
(b) isolating the co-crystal, wherein the co-crystal has a modulated solubility as compared to the API ; and (c) incorporating the co-crystal having modulated solubility into a pharmaceutical composition.
24. The process of claim 23, wherein the solubility of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API.
25. A process for modulating the dose response of an API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises: (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal forming compound; (b) isolating the co-crystal, wherein the co-crystal has a modulated dose response as compared to the API; and(c) incorporating the co-crystal having modulated dose response into a pharmaceutical composition.
26. The process of claim 25, wherein the dose response of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API.
27. A process for modulating the dissolution of an API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises: (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal forming compound; (b) isolating the co-crystal, wherein the co-crystal has a modulated dissolution as compared to the API; and
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(c) incorporating the co-crystal having modulated dissolution into a pharmaceutical composition.
28. The process of claim 27, wherein the dissolution of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API.
29. A process for modulating the bioavailability of an API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises: (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal forming compound; (b) isolating the co-crystal, wherein the co-crystal has a modulated bioavailability as compared to the API; and (c) incorporating the co-crystal having modulated bioavailability into a pharmaceutical composition.
30. The process of claim 29, wherein the bioavailability of the co-crystal is increased as compared to the API.
31. A process for increasing the stability of an API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises: (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal forming compound; (b) isolating the co-crystal, wherein the co-crystal has increased stability as compared to the API; and (c) incorporating the co-crystal having increased stability into a pharmaceutical composition.
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32. A process for the incorporation of a difficult to salt or unsaltable API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises: (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal forming compound; (b) isolating the co-crystal; (c) incorporating the co-crystal having a difficult to salt or unsaltable API into a pharmaceutical composition.
33. A process for decreasing the hygroscopicity of an API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises: (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and theco-crystal forming compound; (b) isolating the co-crystal, wherein the co-crystal has decreased hygroscopicity as compared to the API; and(c) incorporating the co-crystal having decreased hygroscopicity into a pharmaceutical composition.
34. A process for crystallizing an amorphous API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises: (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal forming compound; (b) isolating the co-crystal; (c) incorporating the co-crystal into a pharmaceutical composition.
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35. A process for decreasing the form diversity of an API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process includes: (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal forming compound; (b) isolating the co-crystal, wherein the co-crystal has decreased form diversity as compared to the API; and (c) incorporating the co-crystal having decreased form diversity into a pharmaceutical composition.
36. A process for modulating the morphology of an API for use in a pharmaceutical composition, which process includes: (a) grinding, heating,co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal forming compound under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal forming compound; (b) isolating the co-crystal, wherein the co-crystal has a different morphology as compared to the API; and (c) incorporating the co-crystal having modulated morphology into a pharmaceutical composition.
37. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises an amino-pyridine functional group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide ; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) water; (e) an alcohol;(f) a primary amine ;
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(g) a secondary amine; (h) a carbonyl; (i) a sulfoxo moiety ;(j) an ether; (k) an ester; (1) an aromatic N; (m) a cyano moiety; (n) a nitro moiety; (o) a chloride moiety; (p) a bromide moiety; (q) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.97 and about 3.07 angstroms; (r) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.20 angstroms; (s) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.75 and about 3.17 angstroms; (t) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.72 and about 3.07 angstroms ; (u) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.54 and about 2.82 angstroms; (v) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.72 and about 3.15 angstroms; (w) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.65 and about 3.15 angstroms ; (x) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.78 and about
3.14 angstroms; (y) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.63 and about
3.06 angstroms; (z) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.85 and about 3.25 angstroms;
<Desc/Clms Page number 454>
(aa) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.83 and about 3.25 angstroms; (bb) a carbonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2. 87 and about
3.10 angstroms; (cc) a sulfoxo moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.10 angstroms; (dd) an ether where the interaction distance is between about 2. 84 and about
3.20 angstroms; (ee) an ester where the interaction distance is about 3.09 angstroms; (ff) an ester where the interaction distance is between about 2.85 and about
3.16 angstroms; (gg) an aromatic N where the interaction distance is between about 2.78 and about 3.25 angstroms; (hh) a cyano moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.83 and about 3.30 angstroms; (ii) a nitro moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.85 and about 3.28 angstroms;(jj) a chloride moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.10 and about 3.45 angstroms; or (kk) a bromide moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.27 and about 3.48 angstroms.
38. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a primary amine functional group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) a sulfonamide ; (f) water ;
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(g) an alcohol; (h) a carbonyl; (i) a sulfoxo moiety;(j) a sulfonyl ; (k) an ether; (1) an ester; (m) an aromatic N; (n) a cyano moiety; (o) a nitro moiety; (p) a chloride moiety; (q) a bromide moiety; (r) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.73 and about 3.20 angstroms; (s) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.65 and about 3.20 angstroms; (t) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.74 and about 3.15 angstroms; (u) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.72 and about 3.12 angstroms; (v) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 3.10 and about 3.24 angstroms; (w) a sulfonamide where the interaction distance is between about 2.86 and about 3.17 angstroms; (x) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.65 and about 3.17 angstroms; (y) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.63 and about
3.26 angstroms; (z) a carbonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.64 and about
3.15 angstroms; (aa) a sulfoxo moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.10 angstroms;
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(bb) a sulfonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.93 and about
3.12 angstroms; (cc) an ether where the interaction distance is between about 2.75 and about
3.25 angstroms; (dd) an ester where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about
3.20 angstroms;(ee) an ester where the interaction distance is between about 2.74 and about
3.27 angstroms;(ff) an aromatic N where the interaction distance is between about 2.92 and about 3.26 angstroms; (gg) a cyano moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.83 and about 3.30 angstroms; (hh) a nitro moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.75 andabout-3. 17 angstroms; (ii) a chloride moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.07 and about 3.50 angstroms ; or(jj) a bromide moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.23 and about 3.60 angstroms.
39. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a primary sulfonamide functional group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) water; (b) an alcohol; (c) a primary amine; (d) a secondary amine ; (e) a sulfonyl ; (f) an ether; (g) an ester; (h) a cyano moiety; (i) a nitro moiety ;
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(j) a chloride moiety; (k) water where the interaction distance is about 2.87 angstroms; (1) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.85 and about
3.07 angstroms; (m) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.85 and about 3.20 angstroms; (n) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.85 and about 3.20 angstroms; (o) a sulfonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.85 and about
3.20 angstroms; (p) an ether where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about
3.20 angstroms; (q) an ester where the interaction distance is between about 2.85 and about
3.12 angstroms; (r) a cyano moiety where the interaction distance is about 3.00 angstroms; (s) a nitro moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.00 and about 3.20 angstroms; or (t) a chloride moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.20 and about 3.32 angstroms.
40. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a primary amide functional group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises : (a) a secondary amide; (b) a carboxylic acid; (c) an amino-pyridine; (d) an aromatic N; (e) water; (f) an alcohol; (g) a secondary amine; (h) a carbonyl ;
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(i) a sulfonyl ;(j) an ether ;(1c) an ester; (1) a cyano moiety; (m) a nitro moiety ; (n) a chloride moiety; (o) a bromide moiety; (p) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.15 angstroms;(q) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 2.80 angstroms; (r) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2. 80 and about 3.25 angstroms ; (s) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.20 angstroms; (t) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2. 80 and about 3.10 angstroms; (u) an aromatic N where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.21 angstroms; (v) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.00 angstroms; (w) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.07 angstroms; (x) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about
3.00 angstroms; (y) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about
3.10 angstroms ; (z) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.80 and about 3.10 angstroms; (aa) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 3.00 and about 3.15 angstroms;
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(bb) a carbonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.80 and about
3.15 angstroms; (cc) a sulfonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about
3.00 angstroms; (dd) an ether where the interaction distance is between about 2.80 and about
3.10 angstroms ; (ee) an ester where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about
3.05 angstroms;(ff) a cyano moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.00 and about 3.30 angstroms; (gg) a nitro moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.07 angstroms; (hh) a chloride moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.10 and about 3.60 angstroms ; or (ii) a bromide moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.30 and about 3. 80 angstroms.
41. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a secondary amide functional group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a carboxylic acid; (c) an amino-pyridine; (d) a sulfonamide ; (e) an aromatic N; (f) water ; (g) an alcohol; (h) a primary amine ; (i) a secondary amine;(j) a carbonyl; (k) a sulfonyl ;
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(1) an ether; (m) an ester; (n) a cyano moiety; (o) a nitro moiety; (p) a chloride moiety; (q) a bromide moiety; (r) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.15 angstroms ; (s) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.10 angstroms; (t) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 3.05 angstroms ; (u) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.20 angstroms ; (v) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.75 and about 3.17 angstroms ; (w) a sulfonamide where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.00 angstroms; (x) an aromatic N where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.15 angstroms ; (y) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 3.10 angstroms; (z) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.10 angstroms; (aa) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about
3.04 angstroms ; (bb) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about
3.20 angstroms ; (cc) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.65 and about 3.20 angstroms ;
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(dd) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.15 angstroms; (ee) a carbonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about
3.07 angstroms ;(ff) a sulfonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about
3.25 angstroms ; (gg) an ether where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about
3.16 angstroms ; (hh) an ester where the interaction distance is between about 2.80 and about
3.16 angstroms; (ii) a cyano moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.30 angstroms ;(jj) a nitro moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.80 and about 3.10 angstroms ; (kk) a chloride moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.40 angstroms; or (11) a bromide moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.10 and about 3.50 angstroms.
42. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3,5, or7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises an alcohol functional group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) a sulfonamide ;(f) an aromatic N; (g) water; (h) a primary amine ; (i) a secondary amine;
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(j) a carbonyl ; (k) a sulfonyl ; (1) an ether ; (m) an ester; (n) a cyano moiety; (o) a nitro moiety; (p) a chloride moiety;(q) a bromide moiety; (r) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about 3.00 angstroms; (s) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.10 angstroms; (t) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about 3.04 angstroms ; (u) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about 3.20 angstroms ; (v) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about 3.00 angstroms ; (w) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 2.90 angstroms ; (x) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.06 angstroms ; (y) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.75 and about 3.15 angstroms; (z) a sulfonamide where the interaction distance is between about 2.80 and about 3.07 angstroms ; (aa) an aromatic N where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about 3.00 angstroms ; (bb) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 3.03 angstroms ;
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(cc) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.15 angstroms ; (dd) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.15 angstroms; (ee) a carbonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about
3.05 angstroms ; (ff) a sulfonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about
3.15 angstroms; (gg) an ether where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about
3.00 angstroms; (hh) an ester where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about
3.10 angstroms ; (ii) a cyano moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 3.10 angstroms ;(jj) a nitro moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.45 and about 3.05 angstroms ; (kk) a chloride moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.30 angstroms ; or (11) a bromide moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.00 and about 3.50 angstroms.
43. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a carboxylic acid functional group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) an amino-pyridine ; (d) an aromatic N; (e) water; (f) an alcohol; (g) a primary amine ;
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(h) a secondary amine;(i) a carbonyl;(j) an ether ; (k) an ester; (1) a cyano moiety; (m) a nitro moiety; (n) a chloride moiety; (o) a bromide moiety; (p) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2. 80 and about 3.25 angstroms; (q) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 2.80 angstroms ; (r) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.10 angstroms ; (s) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 3.05 angstroms; (t) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about 2.80 angstroms ; (u) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.00 angstroms ; (v) an aromatic N where the interaction distance is between about 2.54 and about 2.94 angstroms ; (w) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about 3.00 angstroms ; (x) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 3.00 angstroms ; (y) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about
3.00 angstroms; (z) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about
2.90 angstroms ;
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(aa) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.10 angstroms; (bb) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.10 angstroms; (cc) a carbonyl where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about
3.00 angstroms ; (dd) an ether where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about
3.00 angstroms; (ee) an ester where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about
3.05 angstroms ;(ff) an ester where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about
3.10 angstroms ; (gg) a cyano moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about 2.80 angstroms; (hh) a nitro moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.05 angstroms; (ii) a chloride moiety where the interaction distance is between about 2.80 and about 3.20 angstroms; or(jj) a bromide moiety where the interaction distance is between about 3.00 and about 3.30 angstroms.
44. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a carbonyl functional group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) a secondary sulfonamide ; (f) water ; (g) an alcohol;
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(h) a primary amine; (i) a secondary amine ;(j) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.83 and about 3.15 angstroms ;(k) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.07 angstroms; (1) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 3.00 angstroms; (m) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.87 and about 3.10 angstroms ; (n) a secondary sulfonamide where the interaction distance is between about
2.76 and about 3.22 angstroms; (o) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.55 and about 3.05 angstroms;(p) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about
3.05 angstroms ; (q) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.64 and about 3.15 angstroms ; or (r) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.64 and about 3.15 angstroms.
45. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a cyano group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) a primary sulfonamide ; (f) a secondary sulfonamide ; (g) water;
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(h) an alcohol; (i) a primary amine ;(j) a secondary amine;(k) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 3.01 and about 3.30 angstroms ; (1) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.30 angstroms; (m) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.57 and about 3.00 angstroms; (n) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.84 and about 3.33 angstroms; (o) a primary sulfonamide where the interaction distance is about 2.99 angstroms; (p) a secondary sulfonamide where the interaction distance is between about
2.83 and about 3.00 angstroms ; (q) water where the interaction distance is betweenabout 2. 78 and about 3.20 angstroms ; (r) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.72 and about
3.13 angstroms; (s) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.84 and about 3.27 angstroms; or (t) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.84 and about 3.30 angstroms.
46. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a sulfonyl group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a primary sulfonamide ; (d) a secondary sulfonamide ;
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(e) water; (f) an alcohol; (g) a primary amine ; (h) a secondary amine; (i) a primary amide where the interaction distance is about 2.92 angstroms ;(j) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.95 and about 3.25 angstroms ; (k) a primary sulfonamide where the interaction distance is between about
2.85 and about 3.10 angstroms ; (1) a secondary sulfonamide where the interaction distance is between about
2.85 and about 3.20 angstroms ; (m) water where the interaction distance is between about 2. 84 and about 3.00 angstroms ; (n) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.65 and about
3.15 angstroms ; (o) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.93 and about 3.32 angstroms ; or (p) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.75 and about 3.32 angstroms.
47. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises an aromatic N as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) water; (f) an alcohol; (g) a primary amine; (h) a secondary amine;
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(i) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.21 angstroms;(j) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.15 angstroms ;(k) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.54 and about 2.94 angstroms; (1) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.20 angstroms ; (m) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.15 angstroms ; (n) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about
3.00 angstroms ; (o) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.92 and about 3.26 angstroms ; or (p) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.73 and about 3.25 angstroms.
48. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises an ether functional group as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide;(c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) a sulfonamide ; (f) water ; (g) an alcohol; (h) a primary amine; (i) a secondary amine;(j) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2. 80 and about 3.10 angstroms ;
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(k) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.16 angstroms ; (1) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about 3.02 angstroms; (m) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 2.80 and about 3.20 angstroms ; (n) a sulfonamide where the interaction distance is less than about 3.20 angstroms; (o) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about 3.15 angstroms; (p) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.40 and about
3.00 angstroms; (q) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.75 and about 3.25 angstroms ; or (r) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.60 and about 3.25 angstroms.
49. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a chloride moiety as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) a sulfonamide ; (f) water ; (g) an alcohol; (h) a primary amine ; (i) a secondary amine;(j) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 3.10 and about 3.60 angstroms ;
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(k) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.30 angstroms ; (1) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.80 and about 3.30 angstroms; (m) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 3.10 and about 3.45 angstroms; (n) a sulfonamide where the interaction distance is less than about 3.35 angstroms ; (o) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.30 angstroms ; (p) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.50 and about
3.30 angstroms; (q) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 3.00 and about 3.50 angstroms ; or (r) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.40 angstroms.
50. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises an organochloride moiety as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide ; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) a sulfonamide ; (f) water ; (g) an alcohol; (h) a primary amine; (i) a secondary amine;(j) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 3.18 and about 3.21 angstroms;
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(k) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 3.20 and about 3.27 angstroms; (1) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about 3.23 angstroms ; (m) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 3.28 and about 3.33 angstroms; (n) a sulfonamide where the interaction distance is less than about 3.50 angstroms ; (o) water where the interaction distance is between about 2.79 and about 3.26 angstroms ; (p) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about
3.29 angstroms ;(q) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 3.21 and about 3.29 angstroms; or (r) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 3.26 and about 3.30 angstroms.
51. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises a bromide moiety as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide ; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) an alcohol;(f) a primary amine ; (g) a secondary amine; (h) a primary amide where the interaction distance is between about 3.30 and about 3.80 angstroms ; (i) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is between about 3.10 and about 3. 80 angstroms ;
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(j) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 3.00 and about 3.30 angstroms; (k) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is between about 3.20 and about 3.50 angstroms; (1) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 3.00 and about
3.50 angstroms; (m) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 3.20 and about 3.60 angstroms ; or (n) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 3.10 and about 3.60 angstroms.
52. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims1, 3,5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises an organobromide moiety as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine ; (e) a sulfonamide ; (f) water ; (g) an alcohol; (h) a primary amine; (i) a secondary amine;(j) a primary amide where the interaction distance is less than about 3.50 angstroms ; (k) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is less than about 3.50 angstroms ;(1) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is between about 3.01 and about 3. 31 angstroms ; (m) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is less than about 3.50 angstroms ;
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(n) a sulfonamide where the interaction distance is less than about 3.50 angstroms; (o) water where the interaction distance is between about 3.14 and about 3.27 angstroms; (p) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about
3.36 angstroms ; (q) a primary amine where the interaction distance is less than about 3.50 angstroms; or (r) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 3.20 and about 3.39 angstroms.
53. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims 1,3, 5, or 7, wherein the API or co-crystal former comprises an organoiodide moiety as a hydrogen bonded moiety and another hydrogen bonded moiety comprises: (a) a primary amide; (b) a secondary amide; (c) a carboxylic acid; (d) an amino-pyridine; (e) an aromatic N; (f) an alcohol; (g) a primary amine; (h) a secondary amine; (i) a primary amide where the interaction distance is less than about 3.80 angstroms ;(j) a secondary amide where the interaction distance is less than about 3. 80 angstroms ; (k) a carboxylic acid where the interaction distance is less than about 3.80 angstroms ; (1) an amino-pyridine where the interaction distance is less than about 3. 80 angstroms;
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(m) an aromatic N where the interaction distance is between about 2.70 and about 3.23 angstroms ; (n) an alcohol where the interaction distance is between about 2.90 and about
3.48 angstroms ; (o) a primary amine where the interaction distance is between about 3.25 and about 3.42 angstroms; or (p) a secondary amine where the interaction distance is between about 2.71 and about 2.87 angstroms.
54. The pharmaceutical co-crystal composition according to claims1 or 3, wherein the API forms a dimeric primary amide structure via hydrogen bonds with an R22 (8) motif, and further wherein the composition comprises: (a) at least one hydrogen bond donor; (b) at least two hydrogen bond donors;(c) at least three hydrogen bond donors; (d) at least four hydrogen bond donors ; (e) at least one hydrogen bond acceptor; (f) at least two hydrogen bond acceptors; (g) at least one hydrogen bond donor and one hydrogen bond acceptor; (h) at least two hydrogen bond donors and one hydrogen bond acceptor; (i) at least one hydrogen bond donor and two hydrogen bond acceptors;(j) at least two hydrogen bond donors and two hydrogen bond acceptors; or (k) at least three hydrogen bond donors and one hydrogen bond acceptor.
55. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 3.77, 9.63, and 17.78 degrees;
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(ii) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.63, 20.44, and 22.10 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 14.76 and 21.19 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 3.77 and 19.31 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 17.78 and 20.44 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 3.77 degrees; or (vii) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 17.78 degrees; (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 130 degrees C; or (c) the co-crystal is characterized by a Raman spectrum comprising peaks expressed in termsof cm-1, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1599,1162, and 1044; (ii) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1618,1044, and 796; (iii) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1599 and 1044; (iv) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
Raman spectrum comprises a peak at 1044; (v) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
Raman spectrum comprises a peak at 1618; or (vi) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
Raman spectrum comprises a peak at 1599.
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56. The co-crystal according to claim11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein : (i) said co-crystal is a celecoxib:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.73, 13.13, and 18. 45 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a celecoxib:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.73, 11.89, and 17.75 . degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a celecoxib:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16.37, 18.45, and 23.11 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a celecoxib:l8-crown-6 co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 17.75 and 20.75 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a celecoxib:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.73 and 13.13 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: 18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.89 and22. 37 degrees; (vii) said co-crystal is a celecoxib: 18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 8.73 degrees; (viii) said co-crystal is a celecoxib:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 11.89 degrees; or (ix) said co-crystal is a celecoxib:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 17.75 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a celecoxib:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 190 degrees C.
57. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein:
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(i) said co-crystal is a topiramate:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.07, 13.83, and 18.03 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a topiramate: 18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.79, 16.13, and 18.51 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a topiramate:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at12. 17, 18.03, and 21.43 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a topiramate:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.07 and 18.03 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a topiramate:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 12.17 and 18.51 degrees;(vi) said co-crystal is a topiramate:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16.13 and 21.43 degrees; (vii) said co-crystal is a topiramate: 18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 11.07 degrees; or (viii) said co-crystal is a topiramate:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 13. 83 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a topiramate:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 135 degrees C.
58. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.89, 8.65, and
17.15 degrees;
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(ii) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 17.15, 23.95, and
25.53 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.65, 19.71, and
26.71 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.89 and 17.15 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.65 and 23.95 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 23.95 and 25.53 degrees; (vii) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 4.89 degrees; or (viii) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 17.15 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form I co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 126 degrees C.
59. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (a) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.65, 17.53, and
24.19 degrees;
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(b) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.87, 14.53, and
19.69 degrees; (c) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.65, 17.53, and
18.09 degrees; (d) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamideform II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.87 and 17.53 degrees; (e) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.65 and 14.53 degrees; (f) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.87 and 24.19 degrees; (g) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 8.65 degrees; (h) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 17.53 degrees; or (i) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 11.87 degrees.
60. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (a) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.41, 12.85, and 18.67 degrees; (b) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 12.85, 21.85, and 24.37 degrees;
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(c) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 14.91, 18. 67, and 21.85 degrees; (d) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.41 and
12.85 degrees; (e) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.41 and* 18. 67 degrees; (f) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 12.85 and
18.67 degrees; (g) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 6.41 degrees; (h) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 12. 85 degrees; or (i) said co-crystal is an olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 18.67 degrees.
61. The. co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 3.01, 16.17, and
17.29 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.01, 15.87, and
24.47 degrees;
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(iii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.05, 20.41, and
22.27 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 3.01 and 17.29 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal andsaid X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6. 01 and 16. 17 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.05 and 22.27 degrees; (vii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 3.01 degrees; (viii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 16.17 degrees; or (ix) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 17.29 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a cis-itraconazole : succinic acid co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 160 degrees C.
62. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.61, 5.89, and
10. 57 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.23, 19.05, and
20.79 degrees;
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(iii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 15.51, 16.23, and
16.93 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.61 and 20.79 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 5.89 and 19.05 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.57 and 16.23 degrees; (vii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 4.61 degrees; (viii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 5. 89 degrees; (ix) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 10.57 degrees; or (x) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 19.05 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a cis-itraconazole : fumaric acid co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 180 degrees C.
63. The co-crystal according to claim11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.13, 6.19, and
8. 49 degrees;
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(ii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.19, 16.13, and
17.23 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.49, 18.07, and
20.79 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.13 and 8.49 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.19 and 20.79 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16.13 and 17.23 degrees;(vii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 4.13 degrees; (viii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 6.19 degrees; or (ix) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 8.49 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 181 degrees C.
64. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.07, 8.85, and
17.05 degrees;
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(ii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 15.93, 20.49, and
22.85 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.85, 15.93 and
26.17 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.07 and 17.05 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8. 85 and 21.27 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.07 and 8. 85 degrees; (vii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 6.07 degrees; (viii) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 8.85 degrees; or (ix) said co-crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 17.05 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 154 degrees C.
65. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCI : DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 3.73, 10.95, and 13.83 degrees;
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(ii) said co-crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCI :DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16.53, 17.75, and 19.65 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCI :DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.95, 16.53, and21. 11 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCI : DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 3.73 and
10.95 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCI : DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 13.83 and
17.75 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCI : DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16.53 and
19.65 degrees; (vii) said co-crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCI : DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 3.73 degrees; (viii) said co-crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCl : DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 10.95 degrees; or (ix) said co-crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCI : DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 17.75 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is acis-itraconazoleHCI : DL-tartaric acid co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 162 degrees C.
66. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein:
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(i) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 5.11, 9.35, and
16.87 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16.87, 18.33, and
19.53 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.35, 19.53, and
22.89 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid formI co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 5.11 and 9.35 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16.87 and 19.53 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 18.33 and 22.89 degrees; (vii) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 5.11 degrees ; (viii) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 9.35 degrees; or (ix) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 16. 87 degrees; (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 106 degrees C; or (c) the co-crystal is characterized by a Raman spectrum comprising peaks expressed in termsof cm-1, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1004,633, and 265;
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(ii) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form I co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1032,1601, and 767; (iii) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form I co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1004 and 633; (iv) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form I co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at1183 and 767; or (v) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form I co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1601 and 718.
67. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in termsof 2-theta angles, wherein: (a) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 5.90, 9.54, and
20.01 degrees; (b) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 15.79, 18.02, and
21.66 degrees;(c) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.54, 20.01, and
25.30 degrees; (d) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 5.90 and 9.54 degrees; (e) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 5.90 and 20.01 degrees; (f) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.54 and 20.01 degrees;
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(g) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 5.90 degrees; or (h) said co-crystal is a modafinil : malonic acid form II co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.54 degrees.
68. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffractionpattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (a) said co-crystal is a modafinil : glycolic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.51, 15.97, and 20.03 degrees; (b) said co-crystal is a modafinil : glycolic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 14.91, 19.01, and 22.75 degrees; (c) said co-crystal is a modafinil : glycolic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 15.97, 25.03, and 25.71 degrees; (d) said co-crystal is a modafinil : glycolic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.51 and 15.97 degrees; (e) said co-crystal is a modafinil : glycolic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 20.03 and 25.03 degrees; (f) said co-crystal is a modafinil : glycolic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 15.97 and 25.03 degrees; (g) said co-crystal is a modafinil : glycolic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 9.51 degrees; (h) said co-crystal is a modafinil : glycolic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 15.97 degrees; or (i) said co-crystal is a modafinil : glycolic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 20.03 degrees.
69. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein:
<Desc/Clms Page number 490>
(a) said co-crystal is a modafinil : maleic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.69, 6.15, and 9.61 degrees; (b) said co-crystal is a modafinil : maleic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.23, 19.97, and 21. 83 degrees; (c) said co-crystal is a modafinil : maleic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.69, 10.23, and 21.83 degrees; (d) said co-crystal is a modafinil: maleic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.69 and 19.97 degrees; (e) said co-crystal is a modafinil: maleic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.15 and 9.61 degrees; (f) said co-crystal is a modafinil: maleic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 4.69 and 6.15 degrees; (g) said co-crystal is a modafinil: maleic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 4.69 degrees; (h) said co-crystal is a modafinil : maleic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 9.61 degrees; or (i) said co-crystal is a modafinil : maleic acid co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 19.97 degrees.
70. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.23, 13.27, and 16.93 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 12.69, 20.37, and 25.55 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 17.93, 23.65, and 26.87 degrees;
<Desc/Clms Page number 491>
(iv) said co-crystal is a5-fluorouracil : urea co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.23 and 16.93 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 23.65 and 32.49 degrees; (vi) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 13.27 and 25.55 degrees; (vii) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 11.23 degrees; (viii) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 16.93 degrees; or (ix) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 25.55 degrees; (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 208 degrees C; or (c) the co-crystal is characterized by a Raman spectrum comprising peaks expressed in termsof cm~', wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1347,1024, and 757; (ii) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 644,545, and 472; (iii) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1680 and 1347; (iv) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1347 and 757; or (v) said co-crystal is a 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal and said Raman spectrum comprises peaks at 1024 and 757.
71. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein:
<Desc/Clms Page number 492>
(a) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: nicotinic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.57, 13.23, and 21.13 degrees; (b) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: nicotinic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 14.31, 17.89, and 26.57 degrees; (c) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: nicotinic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.57, 21.13, and 25.73 degrees; (d) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: nicotinic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.57 and 21.13 degrees; (e) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: nicotinic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 13.23 and 26.57 degrees; (f) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide :nicotmic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 17. 89 and 24.41 degrees; (g) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: nicotinic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 8.57 degrees; (h) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide : nicotinic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 13.23 degrees ; or (i) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide : nicotinic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 21.13 degrees.
72. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (a) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: 18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.97, 11.57, and 15.67 degrees; (b) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 14.53, 19.05, and 20.31 degrees; (c) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16.61, 20.65, and 23.63 degrees;
<Desc/Clms Page number 493>
(d) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 9.97 and 10.43 degrees; (e) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 12.83 and 15.67 degrees; said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide :18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at14. 53 and20. 31 degrees; (g) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide :18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 10.43 degrees; (h) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 12. 83 degrees; or (i) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide:18-crown-6 co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 20.31 degrees.
73. The
co-crystal according to claim
11,
wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (a) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.85, 13.75, and 18. 71 degrees; (b) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal and said
X-
ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 15.93, 23.27, and 24.17 degrees; (c) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 18.17, 20.93, and 27.75 degrees; (d) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.85 and 18.71 degrees; (e) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 13.75 and 23.27 degrees; said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 15.93 and 24.17 degrees; (g) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 6.85 degrees;
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(h) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 13.75 degrees; or (i) said co-crystal is a hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 18.71 degrees.
74. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co-crystal is an acetaminophen: 4,4-bipyridine : water cocrystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 58 degrees C.
75. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a phenytoin : pyridone co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 5.2, 15.1, and 16.7 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a phenytoin: pyridone co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.1, 16.2, and 17.8 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a phenytoin: pyridone co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 5.2 and 15.1 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a phenytoin: pyridone co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 15.1 and 19.4 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a phenytoin: pyridone co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 5.2 degrees; or (vi) said co-crystal is a phenytoin: pyridone co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 15.1 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a phenytoin: pyridone co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 233 degrees C.
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76. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co-crystal is an aspirin: 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 95 degrees C.
77. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is an ibuprofen : 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 3.4 and 6.9 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is an ibuprofen: 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 3.4 and 10.4 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is an ibuprofen : 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.4 and 17.3 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is an ibuprofen: 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 3.4 degrees; or (v) said co-crystal is an ibuprofen: 4, 4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 10.4 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is an ibuprofen : 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said DSC thennogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 119 degrees C.
78. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen: 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16. 8, 18.1, and 20.0 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen : 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 18.1, 21.3, and 25.0 degrees;
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(iii) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen : 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 16.8 and 19.0 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen: 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 17.1 and 21.3 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen: 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 16.8 degrees; or (vi) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen: 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 19.0 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a flurbiprofen : 4,4-bipyridine co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 163 degrees C.
79. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen:trans-l, 2-bis- (4-pyridyl) ethylene co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at
3.6, 17.3, and 18.4 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen:trans-1,2-bis- (4-pyridyl) ethylene co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at
17.3, 19.1, and 23. 8 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen:trans-1,2-bis- (4-pyridyl) ethylene co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at
18.1 and 22.3 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen:trans-1,2-bis- (4-pyridyl) ethylene co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 3.6 and 18. 4 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen :trans-1,2-bis- (4-pyridyl) ethylene co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at
3.6 degrees; or
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(vi) said co-crystal is a flurbiprofen :trans-1,2-bis- (4-pyridyl) ethylene co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at
19.1 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a flurbiprofen :trans-1,2-bis- (4-pyridyl) ethylene co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 164 degrees C.
80. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine : p-phthalaldehyde co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.5, 11.9, and
15.1 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine : p-phthalaldehyde co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.6, 14.4, and
18.0 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine : p-phthalaldehyde co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 11.9 and 23.7 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine :p-phthalaldehyde co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.5 and 14.4 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine : p-phthalaldehyde co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 8.5 degrees; or (vi) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine : p-phthalaldehyde co-crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 11.9 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a carbamazepine : p-phthalaldehyde co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 128 degrees C.
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81. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.8, 13.2, and 15.6 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 13.2, 15.6, and 20.4 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 8.8 and 26.4 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 13.2 and 15.6 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 8.8 degrees; or (vi) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: nicotinamide co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 15.6 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a carbamazepine: nicotinamide co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 157 degrees C.
82. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: saccharin co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 6.9, 13.6, and 15.3 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: saccharin co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 14.0, 20.2, and 28.3 degrees;
<Desc/Clms Page number 499>
(iii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: saccharin co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 12.2 and 21.3 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: saccharin co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 14.0 and 20.2 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: saccharin co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 14.0 degrees; or (vi) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: saccharin co-crystal and said X- ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 21.3 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a carbamazepine: saccharin co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 177 degrees C.
83. The co-crystal according to claim11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine :5-nitroisophthalic acid co- crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.14 and 17.44 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: 5-nitroisophthalic acid co- crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 15.29 and 21.17 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: 5-nitroisophthalic acid co- crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.14 and 15.29 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: 5-nitroisophthalic acid co- crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 21.17 and 31.41 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: 5-nitroisophthalic acid co- crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 10.14 degrees; or
<Desc/Clms Page number 500>
(vi) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: 5-nitroisophthalic acid co- crystal and said X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 17.44 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a carbamazepine: 5-nitroisophthalic acid co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises anendothermic transition at about 191 degrees C.
84. The co-crystal according to claim 11, wherein: (a) the co-crystal is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks expressed in terms of 2-theta angles, wherein: (i) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: trimesic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.89, 12.23, and
16.25 degrees; (ii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine : trimesic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.89, 17.05, and
18.47 degrees; (iii) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine : trimesic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 12.23 and 17.05 degrees; (iv) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine : trimesic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises peaks at 10.89 and 21.95 degrees; (v) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: trimesic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 10.89 degrees; or (vi) said co-crystal is a carbamazepine: trimesic acid co-crystal and said
X-ray diffraction pattern comprises a peak at 16.25 degrees; or (b) the co-crystal is characterized by a DSC thermogram, wherein said co- crystal is a carbamazepine: trimesic acid co-crystal and said DSC thermogram comprises an endothermic transition at about 273 degrees C.
This application is a continuation-in-part of United States Patent Application10/660, 202, filed September 11, 2003 (which claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No.
60/4-51, 213 filed
on February
28,
20039
; U.
S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/463, 962, filed on
April 18, 2003 ;
and
U.
S. Provisional Application No.
60/4 87, 064,
filed on July
11,
2003 each of which incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
This application is also a continuation-in-partof PCT US03/27772, filed on September4, 2003 which is a continuation-in-part of U. S. Patent Application No. 10/378,956, filed March1,2003, which claims the benefit ofU. S. Provisional Application No. 60/360, 768, filed March1, 2002; said PCT US03/27772 also claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No.
60/451,213 filed on February 28,2003 ; U. S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/463,962, filed on April 18,2003 ; and U. S. Provisional Application No. 60/487,064, filed on July11, 2003 each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Said 10/660,202 and PCT US03/27772 are also continuations-in-part of U. S. Patent Application No. 10/637,829, filed August 8,2003, which is a divisional of U. S. Patent Application No. 10/295,995, filed November 18,2002, which is a continuation of U. S. Patent Application No.10/232, 589, filed September 3,2002, which claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No. 60/406,974, filed August 30,2002 and US Provisional Patent Application No. 60/380, 288, filed May 15,2002 and US Provisional Patent Application No. 60/356,764, filed February 15,2002 each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Said 10/660,202 and PCT US03/27772 are also continuations-in-part of US Patent Application No. 10/449,307, filed May 30,2003 which claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No. 60/463,962 filed April 18, 2003 and US Provisional Patent Application No. 60/444,315, filed January 31,2003 and US Provisional Patent Application No. 60/439,282 filed January 10,2003 and US Provisional Patent Application No.60/384, 152, filed May 31, 2002 each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Said 10/660,202 and PCT US03/27772 are also continuations-in-part of US Patent Application No.10/601, 092, filed June 20,2003, which claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No.60/451,213, filed February 28, 2003 each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
This application is also a continuation-in-part of U. S. Patent Application No.10/637,899, filed August 8,2003, which is a divisional of U. S. Patent Application No. 10/295,995, filed
<Desc/Clms Page number 2>
November18, 2002, which is a continuation of U. S. Patent Application No.10/232, 589, filed September 3,2002, which claims, the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No.
60/406,974, filed August 30,2002 and US Provisional Patent Application No. 60/380, 288, filed May15, 2002 and US Provisional Patent Application No.60/356,764, filed February15, 2002 eachof which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
This application is also a continuation-in-part of US Patent Application No. 10/449, 307, filedMay 30, 2003 which claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application. No.
60/4463, 962 filed April 18,
2003 and US Provisional Patent Application No.
60/444,
315, filed January
31,
2003 and US Provisional Patent Application No. 60/439, 282 filed January
10,2003 and US Provisional Patent
Application No. 60/384, 152, filed May 31, 2002 each
of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
This application is also a continuation-in-part of US Patent Application No.10/601, 092, filed June 20,2003, which claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No.
60/451,213, filed February 28,2003 eachof, which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
This application claims benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application60/502208, filed October 2,2003 and United States Provisional Patent Application 60/542,752, filed February 6,2004 (Entitled:"Modafinil Compositions" ; having DocketTPIP044A+ ; Magali B. Hickey, Matthew Peterson, OrnAlmarsson, and Mark Olivera) each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
This application is also a continuation-in-part of PCT/US03/41273, filed December 24, 2003, which is a continuation in part ofPCT/03/19584, filed June 20,2003, which claims the benefit of U. S. Provisional Application No. 60/390,881, filed on June 21,2002, U. S. Provisional Application No. 60/426,275, filed on November 14,2002 ; U. S. Provisional Application No.
60/427, 086 filed on November 15,2002 ; U. S. Provisional Application No. 60/429,515 filed on November 26,2002 ; U. S. Provisional Application No.60/437, 516 filed on December 30,2002 ; and U. S. Provisional Application No. 60/456,027 filed on March 18,2003 each which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
This application is also a continuation-in-part of United States Patent Application
10/601,092, filed June 20,2003 which claims the benefit of U. S. Provisional ApplicationNo.
60/390,881, filed on June21,2002, U. S. Provisional Application No.60/426, 275, filed on
November14,2002; U. S. Provisional ApplicationNo.60/427, 086 filed on November15, 2002 ;
U. S. Provisional ApplicationNo.60/429, 515 filled on November 26,2002 ; U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/437, 516 filed on December 30,2002 ; and U. S. Provisional Application No.
<Desc/Clms Page number 3>
60/456,
027 filed on March 18,2003 each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates toco-crystal API-containing compositions, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such APIs, and methods for preparing the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API or APIs (plural) ) in pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in a variety of different forms. Such APIs can be prepared so as to have a variety of different chemical forms including chemical derivatives or salts. Such APIs can also be prepared to have different physical forms. For example, the APIs may be amorphous, may have different crystalline polymorphs, or may exist in different solvation or hydration states. By varying the form of an API, it is possible to vary the physical properties thereof. For example, crystalline polymorphs typically have different solubilities from one another, such that a morethermodynamically stable polymorph is less soluble than a less thermodynamically stable polymorph. Pharmaceutical polymorphs can also differ in properties such as shelf-life, bioavailability, morphology, vapour pressure, density, colour, and compressibility. Accordingly, variation of the crystalline state of an API is one of many ways in which to modulate the physical properties thereof.
It would be advantageous to have new forms of these APIs that have improved properties, in particular, as oral formulations. Specifically, it is desirable to identify improved forms of APIs that exhibit significantly improved properties including increased aqueous solubility and stability. Further, it is desirable to improve the processability, or preparation of pharmaceutical formulations. For example, needle-like crystal forms or habits of APIs can cause aggregation, even in compositions where the API is mixed with other substances, such that a non- uniform mixture is obtained. It is also desirable to increase or decrease the dissolution rate of API-containing pharmaceutical compositions in water, increase or decrease the bioavailability of orally-administered compositions, and provide a more rapid or more delayed onset to therapeutic effect. It is also desirable to have a form of the API which, when administered to a subject, reaches a peak plasma level faster or slower, has a longer lasting therapeutic plasma concentration, and higher or lower overall exposure when compared to equivalent amounts of the API in itspresently-known form. The improved properties discussed above can be altered ina way which is most beneficial to a specific API for a specific therapeutic effect.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has now been found that new co-crystalline forms of APIs can be obtained which improve the properties of APIs as compared to such APIs in anon-co-crystallinestate (free acid, free base,zwitter ions, salts,etc.).
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a co-crystal pharmaceutical composition comprising an API compound and a co-crystal former, such that the API and co- crystal former are capable ofco-crystallizing from a solid or solution phase under crystallization conditions.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a process for the production of a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises : (1) providing an API which has at least one functional group selected from ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine ; (2) providing a co-crystal former which has at least one functional group selected from ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene,N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine ; (3) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions; (4) isolating co-crystals formed thereby ; and (5) incorporating theco-crystals into a pharmaceutical composition.
A further aspect of the present invention provides a process for the production of a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises :(1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution an API compound witha co-crystal former, under crystallization conditions, so as to form a solid phase ;
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(2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former; and (3) incorporating the co-crystals into a pharmaceutical composition.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for the production of a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises : (1) providing (i) an API ora plurality of different APIs9 and(ii) a co-crystal former ora plurality of different co-crystal formers, wherein at least one of the APIs and the co-crystal formers is provided as a plurality thereof; (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former ; and (3) incorporating theco-crystals into a pharmaceutical composition.
Solubility Modulation
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for modulating the solubility of an API, which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Dissolution Modulation
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for modulating the dissolution of an API, whereby the aqueous dissolution rate or the dissolution rate in simulated gastric fluid or in simulated intestinal fluid, or in a solvent or plurality of solvents is increased or decreased, which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
In one embodiment, the dissolution of the API is increased.
Bioavailability
Modulation
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for modulating the bioavailability of an API, whereby the AUC is increased, the time to
Tmax
is reduced, the length of time the concentration of the API is above
1/2 TmaX iS
increased, or Cmax is increased, which process comprises :
(1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating
co-crystals
comprising the API
and the co-crystal former.
Dose Response Modulation
In a further aspect the present invention provides a process for improving the linearity of a dose response of an API, which process comprises : (1) grinding, heating,co-subliming,co-melting, or contacting in solution an API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Increased Stability
In a still further aspect the present invention provides a process for improving the stability of a pharmaceutical salt, which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the pharmaceutical salt with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co- crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Difficult to Salt or Unsaltable Compounds
In a still further aspect the present invention provides a process for making co-crystals of difficult to salt or unsaltable APIs, which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Decreasing Hygroscopicity
In a still further aspect the present invention provides a method for decreasing the hygroscopicity of an API, which method comprises :
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(1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form aco-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former ; and (2) isolatingco-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Crystallizing Amorphous Compounds
In a still further embodiment aspect the present invention provides a process for crystallizing an amorphous compound, which process comprises:(1) grinding, heating,co-subliming,co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former9 and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Decreasing Form Diversity
In a still further embodiment aspect the present invention provides a process for reducing the form diversity of an API, which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Morphology Modulation
In a still further embodiment aspect the present invention provides a process for modifying the morphology of an API, which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a co-crystal composition comprising a co-crystal, wherein said co-crystal comprises an API compound and a co-crystal former. In further embodiments the co-crystal has an improved property as compared to the free form (including a free acid, free base,zwitter ion, hydrate, solvate, etc. ) ora salt (which includes salt hydrates and solvates). In further embodiments, the improved property is selected from the group consisting of : increased solubility, increased dissolution, increased bioavailability, increased dose
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response, decreased hygroscopicity, a crystalline form of a normally amorphous compound, a crystalline form of a difficult to salt or unsaltable compound, decreased form diversity, more desired morphology, or other property described herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figs.1A-B PXRD diffractograms of a c-crystal comprising celecoxib and nicotinamide, with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Fig. 2 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising celecoxib and nicotinamide.
Fig. 3 TGA thermogram fora co-crystal comprising celecoxib and nicotinamide.
Fig. 4 Raman spectrum fora co-crystal comprising celecoxib and nicotinamide.
Figs. 5A-B PXRD diffractograms of a co-crystal comprising celecoxib and 18-crown-6, with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Fig. 6 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising celecoxib and 18-crown-6.
Fig. 7 TGA thermogram for a co-crystal comprising celecoxib and 18-crown-6.
Figs. 8A-B PXRD diffractograms of a co-crystal comprising topiramate and 18-crown-6, with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Fig. 9 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising topiramate and 18-crown-6.
Figs. 10A-B PXRD diffractograms of a co-crystal comprising olanzapine and nicotinamide (FormI), with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Fig.11 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising olanzapine and nicotinamide (FormI).
Fig. 12 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprising olanzapine and nicotinamide (FormII).
Figs. 13A-B PXRD diffractograms of a co-crystal comprising olanzapine and nicotinamide (FormIII), with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Figs. 14A-D Packing diagrams and crystal structure of a co-crystal comprising olanzapine and nicotinamide (FormIII).
Fig. 15 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprising cis-itraconazole and succinic acid.
Fig. 16 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising cis-itraconazole and succinic acid.
Fig. 17 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprising cis-itraconazole and fumaric acid.
Fig.18 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising cis-itraconazole and fumaric acid.
Fig. 19 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprising cis-itraconazole and L-tartaric acid.
Fig. 20 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising cis-itraconazole and L-tartaric acid.
Fig. 21 PXRD diffractogram of aco-crystal comprising cis-itraconazole and L-malic acid.
Fig.22 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising cis-itraconazole and L-malic acid.
Fig. 23 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprisingcis-itraconazoleHCI andDL-tartaric acid.
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Fig. 24 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprisingcis-itraconazoleHCl and DL-tartaric acid.
Fig. 25 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprising modafinil and malonic acid (Form I).
Fig.26 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising modafinil and malonic acid (FormI).
Fig. 27 Raman spectrum fora co-crystal comprising modafinil and malonic acid (FormI).
Fig. 28 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprising modafinil and malonic acid (FormII).
Figs. 29A-B PXRD diffractograms ofa co-crystal comprising modafinil and glycolic acid, with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Figs.30A-B PXRD diffractograms of a co-crystal comprising modafinil and maleic acid, with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Figs. 31A-B PXRD diffractograms of a co-crystal comprising 5-fluorouracil and urea, with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Fig. 32 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising 5-fluorouracil and urea.
Fig. 33 TGA thermogram for a co-crystal comprising 5-fluorouracil and urea.
Fig. 34 Raman spectrum for a co-crystal comprising 5-fluorouracil and urea.
Figs. 35A-B PXRD diffractograms of a co-crystal comprising hydrochlorothiazide and nicotinic acid, with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Figs. 36A-B PXRD diffractograms of a co-crystal comprising hydrochlorothiazide and 18-crown- 6, with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Figs. 37A-B PXRD diffractograms of a co-crystal comprising hydrochlorothiazide and piperazine, with the background removed and as collected, respectively.
Figs. 38A-B An acetaminophen1-D polymeric chain and a co-crystal of acetaminophen and 4,4'bipyridine, respectively.
Figs. 39A-B Pure phenytoin and a co-crystal with phenytoin and pyridone, respectively.
Figs.40A-D Pure aspirin and the corresponding crystal structure are shown in Figures 40A and 40B, respectively. Figures 40C and 40D show the supramolecular entity containing the synthon and corresponding co-crystal of aspirin and 4,4'-bipyridine, respectively.
Figs. 41A-D Pure ibuprofen and the corresponding crystal structure are shown in Figures 41A and41B, respectively. Figures41C and41D show the supramolecular entity containing the synthon and corresponding co-crystal of ibuprofen and4, 4'-bipyridine, respectively.
Figs. 42A-D Pure flurbiprofen and the corresponding crystal structure are shown in Figures 42A and 42B, respectively. Figures 42C and 42D show the supramolecular synthon and corresponding co-crystal of flurbiprofen and4, 4'-bipyridine, respectively.
Figs.43A-B The supramolecular entity containing the synthon and the corresponding co-crystal
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structure of flurbiprofen and trans-1, 2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene, respectively.
Figs. 44A-B The crystal structure of pure carbamazepine and the co-crystal structure of carbamazepine andp-phthalaldehyde, respectively.
Fig.45 A packing diagram of theco-crystal structure of carbamazepine and nicotinamide.
Fig.46 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprising carbamazepine and nicotinamide.
Fig. 47DSC thcrmogram fora co-crystal comprising carbamazepine and nicotinamide.
Fig.48 A packing diagram of the co-crystal structure of carbamazepine and saccharin.
Fig.49 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprising carbamazepine and saccharin.
Fig. 50 DSC thermogram for a co-crystal comprising carbamazepine and saccharin.
Figs.51A-B The crystal structure of carbamazepine and the co-crystal structure of carbamazepine and 2, 6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, respectively.
Figs. 52A-B The crystal structure of carbamazepine and the co-crystal structure of carbamazepine and5-nitroisophthalic acid, respectively.
Figs. 53A-B The crystal structure of carbamazepine and the co-crystal structure of carbamazepine and 1,3, 5,7-adamantanetetracarboxylic acid, respectively.
Figs. 54A-B The crystal structure of carbamazepine and the co-crystal structure of carbamazepine and benzoquinone, respectively.
Figs.55A-B The crystal structure of carbamazepine and the co-crystal structure of carbamazepine and trimesic acid, respectively.
Fig. 56 PXRD diffractogram of a co-crystal comprising carbamazepine and trimesic acid.
Fig. 57 Dissolution profile for a co-crystal of celecoxib : nicotinamide vs. celecoxib free acid.
Fig. 58 Dissolution profile forco-crystals of itraconazole : succinic acid,itraconazle : tartaric acid and itraconazole : malic acid vs. itraconazole free base.
Fig. 59 Hygroscopicity profile for aco-crystal of celecoxib : nicotinamide vs. celecoxib sodium.
Fig. 61 Dissolution profile of several formulations of modafinil free form and modafinil : malonic acid (FormI).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Theterm"co-crystal"as used herein means a crystalline material comprised of two or more unique solids at room temperature, each containing distinctive physical characteristics, such as structure, melting point and heats of fusion9 with the exception that, if specifically stated, the API may be a liquid at room temperature. Theco-crystals
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of the present invention comprise a co-crystal former H-bonded to an API. The co- crystal former may be H-bonded directly to the API or may be H-bonded to an additional molecule which is bound to the API. The additional molecule may be H-bonded to the API or bound ionically orcovalently to the API. The additional molecule could also be a different API. Solvates of API compounds that do not further comprise a co-crystal former are not co-crystals according to the present invention. Theco-crystals may however, include one or more solvate molecules in the crystalline lattice. That is, solvates ofco-crystals, or a co-crystal further comprisinga solvent or compound that isa liquid at room temperature, is included in the present invention, but crystalline material comprised of only one solid and one or more liquids (at room temperature) are not included in the present invention, with the previously noted exception of specifically stated liquid APIs. The co-crystals may also be a co-crystal between a co-crystal former and a salt of an API, but the API and the co-crystal former of the present invention are constructed or bonded together through hydrogen bonds. Other modes of molecular recognition may also be present including, pi-stacking, guest-host complexation and van der Waals interactions. Of the interactions listed above, hydrogen-bonding is the dominant interaction in the formation of the co-crystal, (and a required interaction according to the present invention) whereby a non-covalent bond is formed between a hydrogen bond donor of one of the moieties and a hydrogen bond acceptor of the other.
Hydrogen bonding can result in several different intermolecular configurations. For example, hydrogen bonds can result in the formation of dimers, linear chains, or cyclic structures. These configurations can further include extended (two-dimensional) hydrogen bond networks and isolated triads (Fig. 60). An alternative embodiment provides for a co-crystal wherein the co-crystal former is a second API. In another embodiment, the co-crystal former is not an API. In another embodiment the co-crystal comprises two co-crystal formers. For purposes of the present invention, the chemical and physical properties of an API in the form of a co-crystal may be compared to a reference compound that is the same API in a different form. The reference compound may be specified as a free form, or more specifically, a free acid, free base, orzwitterion ; a salt, or more specifically for example, an inorganic base addition salt such as sodium,potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, aluminum salts or organic base
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addition salts, or an inorganic acid addition salts such as HBr,HC1, sulfuric, nitric, or phosphoric acid addition salts or an organic acid addition salt such as acetic, propionic, pyruvic, malanic, succinic, malic, maleic, fumaric, tartaric, citric, benzoic,methanesulfbnic, ethanesulfbric, stearic or lactic acid addition salt ; an anhydrate or hydrate of a free form or salt, or more specifically, for example,
morpholine, andN-ethylpiperidine).
The ratio of API to co-crystal former may be stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric according to the present invention. For example, 1:1, 1.5 : 1,1 : 1.5, 2: 1 and 1: 2 ratios of API :co-crystal former are acceptable.
It has surprisingly been found that when an API and a selected co-crystal former are allowed to form co-crystals, the resulting co-crystals give rise to improved properties of the API, as compared to the API in a free form (including free acids, free bases, andzwitterions, hydrates, solvates, etc.), or an acid or base salt thereof particularly with respect to: solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, stability, Cmax, Tmax,processability, longer lasting therapeutic plasma concentration, hygroscopicity, crystallization of amorphous compounds, decrease in form diversity (including polymorphism and crystal habit), change in morphology or crystal habit, etc. For example, a co-crystal form of an API is particularly advantageous where the original API is insoluble or sparingly soluble in water. Additionally, the co-crystal properties conferred upon the API are also useful because the bioavailability of the API can be improved and the plasma concentration and/or serum concentration of the API can be improved. This is particularly advantageous for orally-administrable formulations. Moreover, the dose response of the API can be improved, for example by increasing the maximum attainable response and/or increasing the potency of the API by increasing the biological activity per dosing equivalent.
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a co-crystal of an API and a co-crystal former, such that the API and co-crystal former are capable ofco-crystallizing from a solution phase under crystallization conditions or from the solid-state, for example, through grinding, heating, or through vapor transfer (e. g. , co-sublimation). In another aspect, the API has at least one functional group selected from ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine9 thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring9 pyrrole,0-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and
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pyridine and a co-crystal former which has at least one functional group selected from ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid,phosphinic acid, sulfbnic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine,thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene,N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,0-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine, or a functional group in a Table herein, such that the API and co-crystal former are capable ofco-crystallizing from a solution phase under crystallization conditions.
The co-crystals of the present invention are formed where the API and co-crystal former are bonded together through hydrogen bonds. Other non-covalent interactions, including pi-stacking and van der Waals interactions, may also be present.
In one embodiment, the co-crystal former is selected from the co-crystal formers of Table I and Table II. In other embodiments, the co-crystal former of Table I is specified as a Class 1, Class 2, or Class 3 co-crystal former (see column labeled"class" TableI). In another embodiment, the difference in pKa value of the co-crystal former and the API is less than 2. In other embodiments, the difference in pKa values ofthe co- crystal former and API is less than 3, less than 4, less than 5, between 2 and 3, between 3 and 4, or between 4 and 5. Table I lists multiple pKa values for co-crystal formers having multiple functionalities. It is readily apparent to one skilled in the art the particular functional group corresponding to a particular pKa value.
In another embodiment the particular functional group of a co-crystal former interacting with the API is specified (see for example TableI, columns labeled"Functionality"and"Molecular Structure"and the column of Table II labeled"Co- Crystal Former Functional Group"). In a further embodiment the functional group of the API interacting with the co-crystal former functional group is specified (see, for example, Tables II andIII).
In another embodiment, the co-crystal comprises more than one co-crystal former.
For example, two, three, four9 five, or more co-crystal formers can be incorporated in a co-crystal with an API.Co-crystals which comprise two or more co-crystal formers and an API are bound together via hydrogen bonds. In one embodiment, incorporated co-
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crystal formers are hydrogen bonded to the API molecules. In another embodiment, co- crystal formers are hydrogen bonded to either the API molecules or the incorporated co- crystal formers.
Ina furtherembodiment, se reral co-crystal forrners can be contained in a single compartment, or kit, for ease in screening an API for potentialco-crystal species. The co-crystal kit can comprise 5,10, 15,20, 25,30, 40,50, 60,70,80,909 100, or more of the co-crystal formers in Tables I and II. The co-crystal formers are in solid form or in solution and in an array of individual reaction vials such that individual co-crystal formers can be tested with one or more APIs by one or more crystallization methods ormultiple co-crystal formers can be easily tested against one or more compounds by one or more crystallization methods. The crystallization methods include, but are not limited to, melt recrystallization, grinding, milling, standing, co-crystal formation from solution by evaporation, thermally driven crystallization from solution, co-crystal formation from solution by addition of anti-solvent, co-crystal formation from solution by vapor- diffusion, co-crystal formation from solution by drown-out, co-crystal formation from solution by any combination of the above mentioned techniques, co-crystal formation by co-sublimation, co-crystal formation by sublimation using aKnudsen cell apparatus, co- crystal formation by standing the desired components of the co-crystal in the presence of solvent vapor, co-crystal formation by slurry conversion of the desired components of the co-crystal in a solvent or mixtures of solvents, or co-crystal formation by any combination of the above techniques in the presence of additives, nucleates, crystallization enhancers, precipitants, chemical stabilizers, oranti-oxidants. The co- crystallization kits can be used alone or as part of larger crystallization experiments. For example, kits can be constructed as single co-crystal former single well kits, single co- crystal former multi-well kits, multi-co-crystal former single well kits, or multi-co-crystal former multi-well kits. High-throughput crystallization (e. g. , theCrystalMax platform) can be used to construct and customize co-crystal former kits. Multi-well plates (e. g. , 96 wells, 384 wells, 1536 wells, etc. ), for example, can be used to store or employ an array ofco-crystal formers.
Ina further embodiment, the API is selected from an API of Table IV or elsewhere herein. Forpharmaceuticals listed in TableIV,co-crystals can comprise such
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APIs in free form (i. e. free acid, free base, zwitter ion), salts, solvates, hydrates, or the like. For APIs in Table IV listed as salts, solvates, hydrates, and the like, the API can either be of the form listed in Table IV or its corresponding free form, or of another formthat is not listed. Table IV includes the CAS number, chemical name, or
amide functional group include, but are not limited to, arotinolol, atenolol, carpipramine, cefotetan, cefsulodin, docapromine, darifenacin,exalamide,fidarestat, frovatriptan,silodosin,levetiracetam,MEN-10700, mizoribine,oxiracetam,piracetam, protirelin, TRH, ribavirin, valrecemide, temozolomide9 tiazofurrn, antiPAlP-2, levovirin, N- benzyloxycarbonyl glycinamide, and UCB-34714.
In each process according to the invention, there is a need to contact the API with the co-crystal former. This may involve grinding or milling the two solids together or melting one or both components and allowing them torecrystallize. The use ofa granulating liquid may improve or may impede co-crystal formation. Non-limiting examples of tools useful for the formation ofco-crystals may include, for example, an extruder or a mortar and pestle. Further, contacting the API with the co-crystal former may also involve either solubilizing the API and adding the co-crystal former, or solubilizing the co-crystal former and adding the API. Crystallization conditions are applied to the API and co-crystal former. This may entail altering a property of the solution, such as pH or temperature and may require concentration of the solute, usually by removal of the solvent, typically by drying the solution. Solvent removal results in the concentration of both API and co-crystal former increasing over time so as to facilitate crystallization. For example, evaporation, cooling, co-sublimation, or the addition of an antisolvent may be used to crystallize co-crystals. In another embodiment, a slurry comprising an API and a co-crystal former is used to formco-crystals. Once the solid phase comprising any crystals is formed, this may be tested as described herein.
The manufacture ofco-crystals on a large and/or commercial scale may be successfully completed using one or more of the processes and techniques described herein. For example, crystallization of co-crystals from a solvent and grinding or milling are conceivable non-limiting processes.
In another embodiment, the use of an excess (more than1 molar equivalent for a 1:1 co-crystal) of a co-crystal former has been shown to drive the formation of stoichiometric co-crystals. For example, co-crystals with stoichiometries of1 :1, 2: 1, or 1: 2 can be produced by adding co-crystal former in an amount that is 2,3,4, 5,6, 7, 8,9,10, 15,20,25, 50,75, 100 times or more than the stoichiometric amount for a given co- crystal. Such an excessive use ofaco-crystal former to form a co-crystal can be
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employed in solution or when grinding an API and a co-crystal former to drive co-crystal formation.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides for the use of an ionic liquid asa medium for theformation of a co-crystal, and can also be used to crystallize other forms in addition to co-crystals (e. g., salts, solvates, free acid, free base,zwitterions,etc.). This medium is useful, for example, where the above methods do not work or are difficult or impossible to control. Several non-limiting examples of ionic liquids useful in co-crystal formationare : l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate, 1-ethyl- 3-methylimidazoliumlactate, and 1-butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate.
The co-crystals obtained as a result of one or more of the above processes or techniques may be readily incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition by conventional means.
Pharmaceutical compositions in general are discussed in further detail below and may further comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for the production of a pharmaceutical composition, which process comprises : (1) providing an API which has at least one functional group selected from ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile diazo, organohalide, nitro, S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene, N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O-heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine or of Table II or III ; (2) providing a co-crystal former which has at least one functional group selected from ether, thioether, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amide, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amine, imine, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, organohalide, nitro,S-heterocyclic ring, thiophene,N-heterocyclic ring, pyrrole,O- heterocyclic ring, furan, epoxide, peroxide, hydroxamic acid, imidazole, and pyridine or of Table1,11, orIII ;
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(3) grinding, heating or contacting in solution the API with the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions; (4) isolating co-crystals formed thereby ; and
An alternative embodiment is drawn to a process of screening for co-crystal compounds, which comprises: (1) providing(i) an API or a plurality of different APIs, and(ii)a co-crystal former ora plurality of different co-crystal formers, wherein at least one of the API and the co-crystal former is provided as a plurality thereof ; and (2) screening forco-crystals of APIs with co-crystal formers by subjecting each combination of API and co-crystal former toa step comprising (a) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions so as to form a solid phase; and (b) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Some of the APIs and co-crystal formers of the present invention have one or more chiral centers and may exist in a variety of stereoisomeric configurations. As a consequence of these chiral centers, several APIs and co-crystal formers of the present invention occur as racemates, mixtures of enantiomers and as individual enantiomers, as well as diastereomers and mixtures of diastereomers. All such racemates, enantiomers, and diastereomers are within the scope of the present invention including, for example, cis-and trans-isomers, R-and S-enantiomers, and (D) -and (L) -isomers. Co-crystals of the present invention can include isomeric forms of either the API or the co-crystal former or both. Isomeric forms of APIs and co-crystal formers include, but are not limited to, stereoisomers such as enantiomers and diastereomers. In one embodiment, a co-crystal can comprise a racemic API and/or co-crystal former. In another embodiment, a co-crystal can comprise an enantiomerically pure API and/or co-crystal former. In another embodiment, a co-crystal can comprise an API or a co-crystal former with an enantiomeric excess of about 50 percent, 55 percent, 60 percent, 65 percent, 70 percent, 75 percent,80 percent, 85 percent, 90 percent, 95 percent, 96 percent, 97 percent,98 percent, 99 percent, greater than 99 percent, or any intermediate value. Several non- limiting examples of stereoisomeric APIs include modafinil9 cis-itraconazole, ibuprofen,and flurbiprofen. Several non-limiti iy examples of stereoisomeric co-crystal formers
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include tartaric acid and malic acid.
Co-crystals comprising enantiomerically pure components (e. g. , API or co-crystal former) can give rise to chemical and/or physical properties which are modulated with respect to those of the corresponding co-crystal comprisinga racemic component. For example, the modafinil : malonic acidco-crystal from Example 10 comprises racemic modafinil.Enantiomerically pure R-modafinil : malonic acid can conceivably be synthesized via the same or another method of the present invention and is therefore included in the scope of the invention.Likewise, enantiomerically pure S- modafinil : malonic acid can conceivably be synthesized via a method of the present invention and is therefore included in the scope of the invention. A co-crystal comprising an enantiomerically pure component can give rise to a modulation of, for example, activity, bioavailability, or solubility, with respect to the corresponding co-crystal comprising a racemic component. As an example, the co-crystal R-modafinil: malonic acid can have modulated properties as compared to the racemic modafinil: malonic acid co-crystal.
As used herein and unless otherwise noted, the term"racemic co-crystal"refers to a co-crystal which is comprised of an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers of the API, the co-crystal former, or both. For example, a co-crystal comprising a stereoisomeric API and a non-stereoisomeric co-crystal former is a"racemic co-crystal"when there is present an equimolar mixture of the API enantiomers. Similarly, a co-crystal comprising a non-stereoisomeric API and a stereoisomeric co-crystal former is a"racemic co-crystal" when there is present an equimolar mixture of the co-crystal former enantiomers. In addition, a co-crystal comprising a stereoisomeric API and a stereoisomeric co-crystal former is a"racemic co-crystal"when there is present an equimolar mixture of the API enantiomers and of the co-crystal former enantiomers.
As used herein and unless otherwise noted, the term"enantiomerically pure co- crystal"refers to a co-crystal which is comprised of a stereoisomeric API or a stereoisomeric co-crystal former or both where the enantiomeric excess of the stereoisomeric species is greater than or equal to about 90 percent ee.
In another embodiment, the present invention includes a pharmaceutical composition comprisingaco-crystal with an enantiomerically pure API or co-crystal
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former wherein the bioavailability is modulated with respect to the racemic co-crystal. In another embodiment, the present invention includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising a co-crystal with an enantiomerically pure API or co-crystal former wherein the activity is modulated with respect to the racemicco-crystal. In another embodiment, the present invention includesa pharmaceutical composition comprising a co-crystal with an enantiomerically pure API or co-crystal former wherein the solubility is modulated with respect to the racemic co-crystal.
As used herein, theterm"enantiomericallypure'9 includes a composition which is substantially enantiomerically pure and includes, for example, a composition with greater than or equal to about 90,91, 92,93, 94,95, 96,97, 98, or 99 percent enantiomeric excess.
Solubility Modulation
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for modulating the solubility of an API, which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
In one embodiment, the solubility of the API is modulated such that the aqueous solubility is increased. Solubility of APIs may be measured by any conventional means such as chromatography (e. g. , HPLC) or spectroscopic determination of the amount of API in a saturated solution of the API, such asUV-spectroscopy,IR-spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, quantitative mass spectroscopy, or gas chromatography.
In another aspect of the invention, the API may have low aqueous solubility.
Typically, low aqueous solubility in the present application refers to a compound having a solubility in water which is less than or equal to10mg/mL, when measured at 37 degrees C, and preferably less than or equal to 5mg/mL or1 mg/mL. Low aqueous solubility can further be specifically defined as less than or equal to 900,800, 700,600,5009 400, 300,200 150 100,90,80, 70,60, 50,40, 30,20micrograms/mL, or further 10,
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5 or1micrograms/mL, or further 900,800, 700,600, 500,400, 300,200 150,100 90,80, 70,60, 50,40, 30,20, or 10 ng/mL, or less than 10 ng/mL when measured at 37 degreesC. Aqueous solubility can also be specified as less than 500,400, 300,200, 150,100975550 or25 mg/mL. As embodiments of the present invention, solubility can be increased
soluble. Because of this factor, the dissolution rate of APIs in solid dosage forms is an important, routine, quality control parameter used in the API manufacturing process.
Dissolution rate =K S(C,-C)where K is dissolution rate constant, S is the surface area, Cs is the apparent solubility, and C is the concentration of API in the dissolution medium. For rapid API absorption, Cs-C is approximately equal to Cs. The dissolution rate of APIs may be measured by conventional means known in the art.
The increase in the dissolution rate ofaco-crystal, as compared to the reference form (e. g. , freeform or salt), may be specified, such as by 10,20,30, 40,50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100%, or by 2, 3,4,5, 6,7, 8, 9,10, 15,20,25, 30, 40,50, 75,100,125, 150, 175, 200,250, 300,350, 400,500, 1000,10, 000, or 100,000 fold greater than the reference form (e. g. , free form or salt form) in the same solution. Conditions under which the dissolution rate is measured is the same as discussed above The increase in dissolution may be further specified by the time the composition remains supersaturated before reaching equilibrium solubility.
Examples of above embodiments include: co-crystal compositions with a dissolution rate in aqueous solution, at 37 degrees C and a pH of 7.0, that is increased at least 5 fold over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with a dissolution rate in SGF that is increased at least 5 fold over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with a dissolution rate in SIF that is increased at least 5 fold over the reference form.
Bioavailabilitv
Modulation
The methods of the present invention are used to make a pharmaceutical API formulation with greater solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability. Bioavailability can be improved via an increase in AUC, reduced time to
Tax, (t
time to reach peak blood serum levels), or increased
Coax,.
The present invention can result in higher plasma concentrations of API when compared to the neutral form or salt alone (reference form).
AUC is the area under the plot of plasma concentration of API (not logarithm of theconcentration) against time after API administration. The area is conveniently determined bythe"trapezoidal rule" : The data points are connected by straight line segments,perpendiculars are erected from the abscissa to each data point, and the sum of the areas
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of the triangles and trapezoids so constructed is computed. When the last measured concentration(Cn, at time tn) is not zero, the AUC from tn to infinite time is estimated byCn/kel.
The AUC is ofparticular use in estimating bioavailability of APIs, and in estimating total clearance of APIs(C1T)-Following single intravenous dosesg AUC = D/C1T, for single compartment systems obeying first-order elimination kinetics, where D is thedose ; alternatively, AUC =Co/kel, wherekel is the API elimination rate constant.
With routes other than the intravenous, for such systems,AUC = F D/C1T, where F is the absolute bioavailability of the API.
Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for modulating the bioavailability of an API when administered in its normal and effective dose range as a co-crystal, whereby the AUC is increased, the time toTma,, is reduced, orCma, is increased, as compared to a reference form, which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating,co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Examples of the above embodiments include: co-crystal compositions with a time to Tmax that is reduced by at least 10% as compared to the reference form, co-crystal compositions with a time toTma that is reduced by at least20% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with a time toTmax that is reduced by at least 40% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with a time toTmax that is reduced by at least 50% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with aTma, that is reduced by at least 60% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with aTmax that is reduced by at least 70% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with aTmax that is reduced by at least80% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with aTmax that is reduced by at least90% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with a Cmax that is increased by at least 20% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with a CmaX that is increased by at least 30% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions withaClam that is increased by at least 40% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions
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with a Cm that is increased by at least 50% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with a Cmax that is increased by at least 60% over the reference form, co- crystal compositions with a Cmax that is increased by at least 70% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions withaCmax that is increased by at least 80% over the reference form,co-crystal compositions with aCmax that is increased by at least 2 fold, 3 fold, 5 fold, 7.5 fold, 10 fold, 25 fold, 50 fold or 100 fold, co-crystal compositions withan AUC that is increased by at least 10% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 20% over the reference form, co- crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 30% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 40% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 50% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 60% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 70% over the reference form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 80% over the reference form or co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 6 fold, 7 fold, 8 fold, 9 fold, or 10 fold. Other examples include wherein the reference form is crystalline, wherein the reference form is amorphous, wherein the reference form is an anhydrous crystalline sodium salt, or wherein the reference form is an anhydrous crystallineHC1 salt.
Dose Response Modulation
In a further aspect the present invention provides a process for improving the dose response of an API, which process comprises:(1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution an API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Dose response is the quantitative relationship between the magnitude of response and the dose inducing the response and may be measured by conventional means known in the art. The curve relating effect (as the dependent variable) to dose (as the
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independent variable) for an API-cell system is the"dose-response curve". Typically, the dose-response curve is the measured response to an API plotted against the dose of the API(mg/kg) given. The dose response curve can also be acurve ofAUC against the dose of the API given.
In an embodiment of thepresent invention, a co-crystal of the present invention has an increased dose response curve ora more linear dose response curve than the corresponding reference compound.
Increased Stability
In a still further aspect the present invention provides a process for improving the stability of an API (as compared to a reference form such as its free form or a salt thereof), which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the pharmaceutical salt with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former ; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the present invention, including the API or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and formulations comprising the API, are suitably stable for pharmaceutical use. Preferably, the API or formulations thereof of the present invention are stable such that when stored at 30 degreesC for 2 years, less than 0.2 % of any one degradant is formed. The term degradant refers herein to product (s) of a single type of chemical reaction. For example, if a hydrolysis event occurs that cleaves a molecule into two products, for the purpose of the present invention, it would be considered a single degradant. More preferably, when stored at 40 degrees C for 2 years, less than 0.2 % of any one degradant is formed. Alternatively, when stored at30 degrees C for 3 months, less than 0.2% or 0.15 %, or 0.1 % of any one degradant is formed, or when stored at 40 degrees C for 3 months, less than 0.2 % or 0.15 %, or 0.1 % of any one degradant is formed. Further alternatively, when stored at 60 degrees C for4 weeks, less than 0.2% or 0.15 %, or 0.1 % of any one degradant is formed. The relative humidity(RH) may be specified as ambient(RH), 75 % (RH), or as any single integer between 1 to 99 %.
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Difficult to Saltor Unsaltable Compounds
In a still further aspect the present invention provides a process for making co- crystals of unsaltable or difficult to salt APIs which process comprises : (1) grinding,heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution anAPI with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and theco-crystal former ; and (2)isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
Difficult to salt compounds include bases witha pKa less than 3 or acids witha pKa greater than 10. Twitter ions are also difficult to salt or unsaltable compounds according to the present invention.
Decreasing Hygroscopicity
In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method for decreasing the hygroscopicity of an API, which method comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming,co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and(2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
An aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a co-crystal of an API that is less hygroscopic than amorphous or crystalline, free form or salt (including metal salts such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium) or another reference compound. Hygroscopicity can be assessed by dynamic vapor sorption analysis, in which 5-50 mg of the compound is suspended from a Cahn microbalance. The compound being analyzed should be placed in a non- hygroscopic pan and its weight should be measured relative to an empty pan composed of identical material and having nearly identical size, shape, and weight. Ideally, platinum pans should be used. The pans should be suspended in a chamber through whicha gas, such as air or nitrogen, having a controlled and known percent relative humidity (%RH) is flowed untilequilibrium criteria are met. Typical equilibrium criteria include weight
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changes of less than 0.01 % over 3 minutes at constant humidity and temperature. The relative humidity should be measured for samples dried under dry nitrogen to constant weight ( < 0.01 % change in 3 minutes) at40 degrees C unless doing so would de-solvate or otherwise convert the material to an amorphous compound. In one aspect, the hygroscopicity ofa dried compound can be assessed by increasing the RH from 5 to 95% in increments of 5 % RH and then decreasing theRH from 95 to 5% in5 % increments to generate a moisture sorption isotherm. The sample weight should be allowed to equilibrate between each change in %RH. If the compounddeliquesces or becomes amorphous above 75%RH, but below 95%RH, the experiment should be repeated with a fresh sample and the relative humidity range for the cycling should be narrowed to 5-75 % RH or10-75 % RH, instead of 5-95 % RH. If the sample cannot be dried prior to testing due to lack of form stability, than the sample should be studied using two complete humidity cycles of either 10-75 % RH or 5-95 %RH, and the results of the second cycle should be used if there is significant weight loss at the end of the first, cycle.
Hygroscopicity can be defined using various parameters. For purposes of the present invention, a non-hygroscopic molecule should not gain or lose more than 1.0 %, or more preferably, 0.5 % weight at 25 degrees C when cycled between 10 and 75 % RH (relative humidity at 25 degrees C). The non-hygroscopic molecule more preferably should not gain or lose more than 1.0%, or more preferably, 0.5 % weight when cycled between 5 and 95 % RH at 25 degrees C, or more than 0.25 % of its weight between 10 and 75 % RH. Most preferably, a non-hygroscopic molecule will not gain or lose more than 0.25 % of its weight when cycled between 5 and 95 % RH.
Alternatively, for purposes of the present invention, hygroscopicity can be defined using the parameters of Callaghan et al.,"Equilibrium moisture contentofpharmaceutical excipients", in Api Dev. Ind.Pharm., Vol. 8, pp. 335-369 (1982). Callaghan et al. classified the degree of hygroscopicity into four classes.
Class 1:Non-hygroscopic Essentially no moisture increases occur at relative humidities below 90 %.
Class 2: Slightly hygroscopic Essentially no moisture increases occur at relative humidities below 80%.
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Class 3: Moderately hygroscopic Moisture content does not increase more than 5 % after storage for1 week at relative humidities below 60 %.
Class4 : Very hygroscopic Moisture content increase may occur at relativehumidities as low as 40 to 50 %.
Alternatively, for purposes of the present invention, hygroscopicity can be defined using the parameters of the European Pharmacopoeia Technical Guide (1999, p.86) which has defined hygrospocity, based on the static method, after storage at 25 degrees C for24 hours at80 %RH :
Slightly hygroscopic: Increase in mass is less than 2 percent m/m and equal to or greater than 0.2 percent m/m.
Hygroscopic: Increase in mass is less than 15 percent m/m and equal to or greater than 0.2 percent m/m.
Very Hygroscopic: Increase in mass is equal to or greater than 15 percent m/m.
Deliquescent: Sufficient water is absorbed to form a liquid.
Co-crystals of the present invention can be set forth as being in Class1, Class 2, or Class 3, or as being Slightly hygroscopic, Hygroscopic, or Very Hygroscopic. Co- crystals of the present invention can also be set forth based on their ability to reduce hygroscopicity. Thus, preferred co-crystals of the present invention are less hygroscopic than a reference compound. The reference compound can be specified as the API in free form (free acid, free base, hydrate, solvate, etc. ) or salt (e. g. , especially metal salts such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, or magnesium). Further included in the present invention are co-crystals that do not gain or lose more than 1.0 % weight at 25 degrees C when cycled between 10 and 75 % RH, wherein the reference compound gains or loses more than 1.0 % weight under the same conditions. Further included in the present invention areco-crystals that do not gain or lose more than 0.5 % weight at 25 degreesC when cycled between 10 and 75 %RH, wherein the reference compound gains or loses more than 0.5 % or more than 1. 0% weight under the same conditions. Further included
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in the present invention are co-crystals that do not gain or lose more than 1.0 % weight at 25 degrees C when cycled between 5 and 95 %
(1) grinding, heating, co-subliming,co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former ; and(2)isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
An amorphous compound includes compounds that do not crystallize using routine methods in the art.
Decreasing Form Diversity
In a still further embodiment aspect the present invention providesa process for reducing the form diversity of an API, which process comprises : (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
For purposes of the present invention, the number of forms of a co-crystal is compared to the number of forms of a reference compound (e. g. the free form or a salt of the API) that can be made using routine methods in the art.
Morphology Modulation
In a still further aspect the present invention provides a process for modifying the morphology of an API, which process comprises: (1) grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution the API with a co-crystal former under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of the API and the co-crystal former; and (2) isolating co-crystals comprising the API and the co-crystal former.
In an embodiment the co-crystal comprises or consists of a co-crystal former anda pharmaceutical wherein the interaction between the two, e.g.,H-bonding, occurs between a functional group of Table III of an API with a corresponding interacting group of Table III. Ina further embodiment, the co-crystal comprisesa co-crystal former of
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Table I or II and an API with a corresponding interacting group of Table III. In a further embodiment the co-crystal comprises an API from Table IV and a co-crystal former with a functional group of Table III. In a further embodiment, the co-crystal is from Table I or II. In an aspect of the invention, onlyco-crystals having al ond acceptor on the first molecule andan H-bond donor on the second molecule, where the first and second molecules are either co-crystal former and API respectively or API and co-crystal former respectively, are included in the present invention. TableIV includes the CAS number, chemical name ora PCT or patent reference (each incorporated herein in theirentireties).
Thus, whether a particular API contains anH-bond donor, acceptor or both is readily apparent.
In another embodiment, the co-crystal former and API each have only one H- bond donor/acceptor. In another aspect, the molecular weight of the API is less than 2000,1500, 1000,750, 500,350, 200, or 150 Daltons. In another embodiment, the molecular weight of the API is between 100-200,200-300, 300-400,400-500, 500-600, 600-700,700-800,800-900, 900-1000,1000-1200, 1200-1400,1400-1600, 1600-1800, or1800-2000. APIs with the above molecular weights may also be specifically excluded from the present invention.
The hydrogen bond donor moieties of a co-crystal can include, but are not limited to, any one, any two, any three, any four, or more of the following: amino-pyridine, primary amine, secondary amine, sulfonamide, primary amide, secondary amide, alcohol, and carboxylic acid. The hydrogen bond acceptor moieties of a co-crystal can include, but are not limited to, any one, any two, any three, any four, or more of the following: amino-pyridine, primary amine, secondary amine, sulfonamide, primary amide, secondary amide, alcohol, carboxylic acid, carbonyl, cyano, dimethoxyphenyl, sulfonyl, aromatic nitrogen (6 membered ring), ether, chloride, organochloride, bromide, organobromide, and organoiodide. Hydrogen bonds are known to form many supramolecular structures including, but not limited to, a catemer, a dimer, a trimer, a tetramer, ora higher order structure. Tables V-XXI list specific hydrogen bond donor and acceptor moieties and their approximate interaction distances from the electromagnetic donor atom through the hydrogen atom to the electromagnetic acceptor atom. For example. TableV lists functional groups that are known to hydrogen bond
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with amino-pyridines. Amino-pyridines comprise two distinct sites of hydrogen bond donation/acceptance. Both the aromatic nitrogen atom (Npy) and the amine group(NH2) can participate in hydrogen bonds. The ability ofa given functional group to participate ina hydrogen bond asa donor or as an acceptor or both can bedetermined by inspection by those skilled in the art.
The data included in Tables V-XXI are taken from an analysis of solid-state structures as reported in the Cambridge StructuralDatabase(CSD). These data includea number of hydrogen bonding interactions between many functional groups and their associated interaction distances.
Table V-Hydrogen bonding functional groups with amino-pyridines and associated interaction distances
EMI34.1
<tb> <SEP> Functional <SEP> Group <SEP> Interaction <SEP> Distances <SEP> Mean <SEP> Standard <SEP> Deviation
In another embodiment, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids or other biological APIs are excluded from the present invention. In another embodiment, all non- pharmaceutically acceptable co-crystal formers are excluded from the present invention.
In another embodiment, organometalic APIs are excluded from the present invention. In another embodiment, a co-crystal former comprising any one or more of the functional groups of Table III may be specifically excluded from the present invention. In another embodiment, any one or more of the co-crystal formers of Table I or II may be specifically excluded from the present invention. Any APIs currently known in the art may also be specifically excluded from the present invention. For example, carbamazepine, itraconazole, nabumetone, fluoxetine, acetaminophen and theophylline can each be specifically excluded from the present invention. In another embodiment, the API is not a salt, is not a non-metal salt, or is not a metal salt, e. g. , sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium or magnesium. In another embodiment, the API is a salt, is a non-metal salt, or is a metal salt, e. g. , sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium. In one embodiment, the API does not contain a halogen. In one embodiment, the API does contain a halogen.
In another embodiment, any one or more of the APIs of Table IV may be specifically excluded from the present invention. Any APIs currently known in the art may also be specifically excluded from the present invention. For example, nabumetone: 2,3-naphthalenediol, fluoxetineHCl : benzoic acid, fluoxetine HCl : succinic acid, acetaminophen : piperazine, acetaminophen : theophylline, theophylline : salicylic acid, theophylline :p-hydroxybenzoic acid, theophylline : sorbic acid, theophylline : l-hydroxy-2- naphthoic acid, theophylline: glycolic acid, theophylline : 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid9 theophylline : chloroacetic acid, bis (diphenylhydantoin) :9-ethyladenineacetylacetone
ethylidene}-cyclo-hexa-2, 5-dien-l-one :methyl 2, 4-dihydroxybenzoate,4- {2- [1- (2- hydroxyethyl)-4-pyridylidene]-ethylidene}-cyclo-hexa-2, 5-dien-1-one : 2,4- dihydroxypropiophenone,4-{2-[l-3-cycled-hexa-2, 5-dien-l-one : 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone, squaric acid:4,4'-dipyridylacetylene,squaric acid :1, 2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene, chloranilic acid :l,4-bis [ (4- pyridyl)ethynyl] benzene, 4, 4'-bipyridine : phthalic acid, 4,4'-dipyridylacetylene : phthalic acid, bis (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) iron: bromanilic acid, bis (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) iron : chloranilic acid, bis (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) iron:cyananilic acid, pyrazinotetrathiafulvalene : chloranilic acid, phenol:pentafluorophenol, co-crystals of cis- itraconazole, and co-crystals of topiramate are specifically excluded from the present invention.
In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition can be formulated to contain an API in co-crystal form as micronized or nano-sized particles. More specifically, another embodiment couples the processing of a pure API to a co-crystal form with the process of making a controlled particle size for manipulation into a pharmaceutical dosage form. This embodiment combines two processing steps into a single step via techniques such as, but not limited to, grinding, alloying, or sintering (i.e., heating a powder mix). The coupling of these processes overcomes a serious limitation of having to isolate and store the bulk drug that is required for a formulation, which in some cases can be difficult to isolate (e. g. , amorphous, chemically or physically unstable).
Excipients employed in pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be solids, semi-solids, liquids or combinations thereof. Preferably, excipients are solids.
Compositions of the invention containing excipients can be prepared by any known technique of pharmacy that comprises admixing an excipient with an API or therapeutic agent. A pharmaceutical composition of the invention contains a desired amount of API per dose unit and, if intended for oral administration, can be in the form, for example, of a tablet, a caplet,a pill, a hard or soft capsule, a lozenge, a cachet, a dispensable powder, granules,a suspension9 an elixir, a dispersion, or any other form reasonably adapted for such administration. If intended for parenteral administration, it can be in the form, for
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example, of a suspension or transdermal patch. If intended for rectal administration, it can be in the form, for example, of a suppository. Presently preferred are oral dosage forms that are discrete dose units each containing a predetermined amount of the API, such as tablets or capsules.
In another embodiment, APIs with aninappropriate pH for transdermal patches can beco-crystallized with an appropriate co-crystal former, thereby adjusting its pH to an appropriate level for use as atransdermal patch. In another embodiment, an APIs pH level can be optimized for use in atransdermal patch viaco-crystallization with an appropriate co-crystal former.
Non-limiting examples follow of excipients that can be used to prepare pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents as excipients. Suitable carriers or diluents illustratively include, but are not limited to, either individually or in combination, lactose, including anhydrous lactose and lactose monohydrate; starches, including directly compressible starch and hydrolyzed starches (e. g.,CelutabTM andEmdex) ; mannitol; sorbitol; xylitol; dextrose (e. g.,Cerelose 2000) and dextrose monohydrate; dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate; sucrose-based diluents; confectioner's sugar; monobasic calcium sulfate monohydrate; calcium sulfate dihydrate; granular calcium lactate trihydrate; dextrates; inositol; hydrolyzed cereal solids; amylose; celluloses including microcrystalline cellulose, food grade sources of alpha-and amorphous cellulose (e. g.,RexcelJ), powdered cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC); calcium carbonate; glycine; bentonite; block co-polymers; polyvinylpyrrolidone; and the like. Such carriers or diluents, if present, constitute in total about5% to about 99%, preferably about 10% to about 85%, and more preferably about 20% to about80%, of the total weight of the composition.
The carrier, carriers, diluent, or diluents selected preferably exhibit suitable flow properties and, where tablets are desired, compressibility.
Lactose, mannitol, dibasic sodium phosphate, and microcrystalline cellulose (particularlyAvicel PH microcrystalline cellulose such as Avicel PH101), either individually or in combination, are preferred diluents. These diluents are chemically
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compatible with many co-crystals described herein. The use of extragranular microcrystalline cellulose (that is, microcrystalline cellulose added to a granulated composition) can be used to improve hardness (for tablets)and/or disintegration time.
Lactose, especially lactose monohydrate, is particularly preferred. Lactose typically provides compositionshaving suitable release rates of co-crystals, stability, pre- compressionflowability,and/or drying properties ata relatively low diluent cost. It providesa high density substrate that aids densification during granulation (where wet granulation is employed) and therefore improves blend flow properties and tablet properties.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrants as excipients, particularly for tablet formulations. Suitable disintegrants include, but are not limited to, either individually or in combination, starches, including sodium starch glycolate (e. g.,Explotab of PenWest) and pregelatinized corn starches (e. g., National 1551 of National Starch and Chemical Company, National 1550, andColorcon 1500), clays (e. g.,VeegutnTm HVof R. T. Vanderbilt), celluloses such as purified cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, croscarmellose sodium (e. g.,Ac-Di-SolTM of FMC), alginates, crospovidone, and gums such as agar,guar, locust bean, karaya, pectin and tragacanth gums.
Disintegrants may be added at any suitable step during the preparation of the composition, particularly prior to granulation or during a lubrication step prior to compression. Such disintegrants, if present, constitute in total about 0.2% to about 30%, preferablyabout 0. 2% to about 10%, and more preferably about 0.2% to about 5%, of the total weight of the composition.
Croscarmellose sodium is a preferred disintegrant for tablet or capsule disintegration, and, if present, preferably constitutes about 0.2% to about 10%, more preferably about 0.2% to about 7%, and still more preferably about 0.2% to about 5%, of the total weight of the composition.Croscarmellose sodium confers superior intragranular disintegration capabilities to granulated pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
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Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable binding agents or adhesives as excipients, particularly for tablet formulations. Such binding agents and adhesives preferably impart sufficient cohesion to the powder beingtableted to allow for normal processing operations such as sizing, lubrication, compression and packaging, but still allow the tablet to disintegrate and the composition to be absorbed upon ingestion. Such binding agents may also prevent or inhibit crystallization orrecrystallization of a co-crsytal of the present invention once the salt has been dissolved ina solution. Suitable binding agents and adhesives include, but are not limited to, either individually or in combination, acacia ;tragacanth ; sucrose; gelatin ; glucose ; starches such as, but not limited to,pregelatinized starches (e. g.,NationalTM 1511 andNationalTm1500) ; celluloses such as, but not limited to, methylcellulose andcarmellose sodium (e. g.,Tylose), alginic acid and salts of alginic acid; magnesium aluminum silicate; PEG;guar gum; polysaccharide acids; bentonites; povidone, for example povidone K-15,K-30 and K-29/32; polymethacrylates; HPMC; hydroxypropylcellulose (e. g.,Klucel of Aqualon) ; and ethylcellulose (e. g.,EthocelTM of the Dow Chemical Company). Such binding agents and/or adhesives, if present, constitute in total about 0.5% to about 25%, preferably about 0.75% to about 15%, and more preferably about1 % to about 10%, of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
Many of the binding agents are polymers comprising amide, ester, ether, alcohol or ketone groups and, as such, are preferably included in pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Polyvinylpyrrolidones such as povidone K-30 are especially preferred. Polymeric binding agents can have varying molecular weight, degrees of crosslinking, and grades of polymer. Polymeric binding agents can also be copolymers, such as block co-polymers that contain mixtures of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide units. Variation in these units'ratios in a given polymer affects properties and performance. Examples of block co-polymers with varying compositions of block units arePoloxamer 188 andPoloxamer 237 (BASF Corporation).
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents as excipients. Such wetting agents are preferably selected to maintain the co-crystal in close association with water,a condition
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that is believed to improve bioavailability of the composition. Such wetting agents can also be useful in solubilizing or increasing the solubility of co-crystals.
Non-limiting examples of surfactants that can be used as wetting agents in pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include quaternary ammonium compounds, for example benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride, dioctylsodium sulfosuccinate, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers, for example nonoxynol 9, nonoxynol 10, and degreesCtoxynol9, poloxamers (polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene blockcopolymers 9 polyoxyethylene fatty acid glycerides and oils, for example polyoxyethylene(8)caprylic/capric mono-and diglycerides (e.g., LabrasolTM of Gattefosse), polyoxyethylene (35) castor oil and polyoxyethylene (40)hydrogenated castor oil; polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, for example polyoxyethylene (20) cetostearyl ether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, for example polyoxyethylene (40) stearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, for example polysorbate 20 and polysorbate80 (e. g., Tween 80 of ICI), propylene glycol fatty acid esters, for example propylene glycol laurate (e. g.,Lauroglycol of Gattefosse), sodium lauryl sulfate, fatty acids and salts thereof, for example oleic acid, sodium oleate andtriethanolamine oleate, glyceryl fatty acid esters, for example glyceryl monostearate, sorbitan esters, for example sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate and sorbitan monostearate, tyloxapol, and mixtures thereof. Such wetting agents, if present, constitute in total about 0.25% to about 15%, preferably about 0.4% to about 10%, and more preferably about 0.5% to about 5%, of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
Wetting agents that are anionic surfactants are preferred. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a particularly preferred wetting agent. Sodium lauryl sulfate, if present, constitutes about 0.25% to about 7%, more preferably about 0.4% to about 4%, and still more preferably about 0.5% to about 2%, of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable lubricants (including anti-adherents and/or glidants) as excipients. Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, either individually or in combination, glycerylbehapate (e. g., CompritolTM 888 of Gattefosse); stearic acid and salts thereof, including magnesium, calcium and sodium stearate ;hydrogenated vegetable oils (e.g.,Sterotexof Abitec) ;colloidal silica ; talc ; waxes ; boric acid ;
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sodium benzoate; sodium acetate; sodium fumarate ; sodium chloride; DL-leucine; PEG (e. g.,Carbowax 4000 andCarbowax 6000 of the Dow Chemical Company); sodium oleate ; sodium lauryl sulfate; and magnesium lauryl sulfate. Such lubricants, if present, constitute in total about 0.1% to about10%, preferably about 0. 2% to about8%, and more preferably about 0.25% toabout 5%, of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
Magnesium stearate is a preferred lubricant used, for example, to reduce friction between the equipment and granulated mixture during compression of tablet formulations.
Suitable anti-adherents include, but are not limited to, talc, cornstarch,DL- leucine, sodium lauryl sulfate and metallic stearate. Talc is a preferred anti-adherent or glidant used, for example, to reduce formulation sticking to equipment surfaces and also to reduce static in the blend. Talc, if present, constitutes about 0.1% to about 10%, more preferably about 0.25% to about5%, and still more preferably about 0.5% to about 2%, of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
Glidants can be used to promote powder flow of a solid formulation. Suitable glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide, starch, talc, tribasic calcium phosphate, powdered cellulose and magnesium trisilicate. Colloidal silicon dioxide is particularly preferred.
Other excipients such as colorants, flavors and sweeteners are known in the pharmaceutical art and can be used in pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Tablets can be coated, for example with an enteric coating, or uncoated.
Compositions of the invention can further comprise, for example, buffering agents.
Optionally, one or more effervescent agents can be used as disintegrants and/or to enhance organoleptic properties of pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. When present in pharmaceutical compositions of the invention to promote dosage form disintegration, one or more effervescent agents are preferably present in a total amount of about 30% to about 75%, and preferably about45% to about 70%, for example about 60%, by weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
According toa particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, an effervescent agent, present ina solid dosage form in an amount less than that effective to
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promote disintegration of the dosage form, provides improved dispersion of the API in an aqueous medium. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the effervescent agent is effective to accelerate dispersion of the API from the dosage form in the gastrointestinal tract9 thereby further enhancing absorption and rapid onset of therapeutic effect. When present ina pharmaceutical composition of the invention to promoteintragastrointestinal dispersion but not to enhance disintegration, an effervescent agent is preferably present in an amount ofabout 1% to about 20%, more preferably about 2.5% to about15%, and still more preferably about 5% to about 10%, by weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
An"effervescentagent"herein is an agent comprising one or more compounds which, acting together or individually, evolve a gas on contact with water. The gas evolved is generally oxygen or, most commonly, carbon dioxide. Preferred effervescent agents comprise an acid and a base that react in the presence of water to generate carbon dioxide gas. Preferably, the base comprises an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonate or bicarbonate and the acid comprises an aliphatic carboxylic acid.
Non-limiting examples of suitable bases as components of effervescent agents useful in the invention include carbonate salts (e. g. , calcium carbonate), bicarbonate salts (e. g. , sodium bicarbonate), sesquicarbonate salts, and mixtures thereof. Calcium carbonate is a preferred base.
Non-limiting examples of suitable acids as components of effervescent agentsand/or solid organic acids useful in the invention include citric acid, tartaric acid (as D-, L-, or D/L-tartaric acid), malic acid (as D-, L-, or DL-malic acid), maleic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, acid anhydrides of such acids, acid salts of such acids, and mixtures thereof. Citric acid is a preferred acid.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, where the effervescent agent comprises an acid and a base, the weight ratio of the acid to the base is about 1: 100 to about 100: 1, more preferably about 1: 50 to about 50: 1, and still more preferably about 1: 10 to about 10: 1. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, where the effervescent agent comprises an acid and a base, the ratio of the acid to the base is approximately stoichiometric.
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Excipients which solubilize APIs typically have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, or are preferably amphiphilic or have amphiphilic regions. One type of amphiphilic orpartially-amphiphilic excipient comprises an amphiphilic polymer or is anamplziphilic polymer.A specific amphiphilic polymer isa polyalkylene glycol, which is commonly comprised ethylene glycoland/or propylene glycol subunits. Such polyalkylene glycols canbe esterified at their termini by a carboxylic acid, ester, acidanhyride or other suitable moiety. Examples of such excipients includepoloxamers (symmetric block copolymers of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol; e.g., poloxamer 237),polyalkyene glycolated esters of tocopherol (including esters formed froma di-or multi-functional carboxylic acid; e.g., d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate), and macrogolglycerides (formed by alcoholysis of an oil and esterification of a polyalkylene glycol to produce a mixture of mono-, di-and tri-glycerides and mono- and di-esters; e. g. , stearoyl macrogol-32 glycerides). Such pharmaceutical compositions are advantageously administered orally.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can comprise about 10 % to about 50 %, about 25 % to about 50 %, about 30 % to about 45 %, or about 30 % to about 35 % by weight of a co-crystal; about 10 % to about 50 %, about 25 % to about 50 %, about 30 % to about 45 %, or about 30 % to about 35 % by weight of an excipient which inhibits crystallization in aqueous solution, in simulated gastric fluid, or in simulated intestinal fluid ; and about 5 % to about50 %, about 10 % to about 40 %, about 15 % to about 35 %, or about 30 % to about 35 % by weight of a binding agent. In one example, the weight ratio of the co-crystal to the excipient which inhibits crystallization to binding agent is about1 to1 to 1.
Solid dosage forms of the invention can be prepared by any suitable process, not limited to processes described herein.
An illustrative process comprises (a) a step of blending an API of the invention with one or more excipients to form a blend, and (b) a step of tableting or encapsulating the blend to form tablets or capsules, respectively.
In a preferred process, solid dosage forms are prepared bya process comprising (a) a step of blendinga co-crystal of the invention with one or more excipients to form a blend, (b) a step of granulating the blend to form a granulate, and (c) a step of tableting or
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encapsulating the blend to form tablets or capsules respectively. Step (b) can be accomplished by any dry or wet granulation technique known in the art, but is preferably a dry granulation step. A salt of the present invention is advantageously granulated to form particles of about 1 micrometer to about 100 micrometer, about 5 micrometer to about 50 micrometer, or about 10 micrometer to about 25 micrometer. One or more diluents, one or more disintegrants and one or more binding agents are preferably added, for example in the blending step,a wetting agent can optionally be added, for example in the granulating step, and one or more disintegrants are preferably added after granulating but before tableting or encapsulating. A lubricant is preferably added before tableting.
Blending and granulating can be performed independently under low or high shear.A process is preferably selected that forms a granulate that is uniform in API content, that readily disintegrates, that flows with sufficient ease so that weight variation can be reliably controlled during capsule filling or tableting, and that is dense enough in bulk so that a batch can be processed in the selected equipment and individual doses fit into the specified capsules or tablet dies.
In an alternative embodiment, solid dosage forms are prepared by a process that includes a spray drying step, wherein an API is suspended with one or more excipients in one or more sprayable liquids, preferably a non-protic (e. g. , non-aqueous or non- alcoholic) sprayable liquid, and then is rapidly spray dried over a current of warm air.
A granulate or spray dried powder resulting from any of the above illustrative processes can be compressed or molded to prepare tablets or encapsulated to prepare capsules.
Conventional tableting and encapsulation techniques known in the art can be employed.
Where coated tablets are desired, conventional coating techniques are suitable.
Excipients for tablet compositions of the invention are preferably selected to provide a disintegration time of less than about 30 minutes, preferably about 25 minutes or less, more preferably about 20 minutes or less, and still more preferably about 15 minutes or less, in a standard disintegration assay.
Pharmaceutically acceptable co-crystals can be administered by controlled-, sustained-, or delayed-release means. Controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled release counterparts. Ideally, the use of an optimally designed controlled-release
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preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled-release formulations include : 1) extended activity of the drug; 2) reduced dosage frequency ; 3) increased patient compliance ; 4) usage of less total drug ; 5) reduction in local or systemic side effects ; 6) minimization of drug accumulation ; 7) reduction in blood level fluctuations ; 8) improvement in efficacy of treatment ; 9) reductionof potentiation or loss of drug activity ; and 10) improvement in speed of control of diseases or conditions.(Kim,Cherngju, Controlled llelease Dosage Form Design, 2Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, Pa. : 2000).
Conventional dosage forms generally provide rapid or immediate drug release from the formulation. Depending on the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the drug, use of conventional dosage forms can lead to wide fluctuations in the concentrations of the drug in a patient's blood and other tissues. These fluctuations can impact a number of parameters, such as dose frequency, onset of action, duration of efficacy, maintenance of therapeutic blood levels, toxicity, side effects, and the like. Advantageously, controlled- release formulations can be used to control a drug's onset of action, duration of action, plasma levels within the therapeutic window, and peak blood levels. In particular, controlled-or extended-release dosage forms or formulations can be used to ensure that the maximum effectiveness of a drug is achieved while minimizing potential adverse effects and safety concerns, which can occur both from under dosing a drug (i. e. , going below the minimum therapeutic levels) as well as exceeding the toxicity level for the drug.
Most controlled-release formulations are designed to initially release an amount of drug (active ingredient) that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release other amounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain this constant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug being metabolized and excreted from the body.
Controlled-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but not limited to, pH, ionic strength, osmotic pressure, temperature, enzymes, water, and other physiological conditions or compounds.
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A variety of known controlled-or extended-release dosage forms, formulations, and devices can be adapted for use with the co-crystals and compositions of the invention. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described inU. S. Pat. Nos.: 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 4,008,719; 5,674,533; 5.059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5, 073,543 ; 5, 639, 476 ; 5,354, 556 ; 5, 733, 566; and 6, 365, 185 Bl; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. These dosage forms can be used to provide slow or controlled-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example,hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems (such asOROS@ (Alza Corporation, Mountain View, Calif. USA)), multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposoms, or microspheres ora combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Additionally, ion exchange materials can be used to prepare immobilized, adsorbed co-crystals and thus effect controlled delivery of the drug. Examples of specific anion exchangers include, but are not limited to,Duolite@ A568 andDuolite@ AP143 (Rohm & Haas, Spring House, PA.
USA).
One embodiment of the invention encompasses a unit dosage form which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable co-crystal, or a solvate, hydrate, dehydrate, anhydrous, or amorphous form thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or diluents, wherein the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form is formulated for controlled-release. Specific dosage forms utilize an osmotic drug delivery system.
A particular and well-known osmotic drug delivery system is referred to asOROS@ (Alza Corporation, Mountain View, Calif. USA). This technology can readily be adapted for the delivery of compounds and compositions of the invention. Various aspects of the technology are disclosed in U. S. Pat. Nos. 6,375, 978 B1 ; 6,368, 626 Bl ; 6,342, 249 B1 ; 6,333, 050 B2; 6,287, 295B1 ; 6,283, 953B1 ; 6,270, 787B1 ; 6,245, 357B1 ; and 6,132, 420; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific adaptations ofOROS@ that can be used to administer compounds and compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, theOROS# Push-PullTM, Delayed Push-PullTM, Multi- Layer Push-Pull, and Push-Stick Systems, all of which are well known. See, e.g., http ://www. alza. com. AdditionalOROS@ systems that can be used for the controlled oral
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delivery of compounds and compositions of the invention includeOROS (3-CT and L-OROS@. Id.; see also, Delivery Times, vol. II, issue II (Alza Corporation).
ConventionalOROS@ oral dosage forms are made by compressing a drug powder (e. goco-crystal) into a hard tablet, coating the tablet with cellulose derivatives to forma semi-permeable membrane, and then drilling an orifice in the coating (e. g. , witha laser).
Kim,Chemg-ju, Controlled Release Dosage Form Design,231-238(Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, Pa.: 2000). The advantage of such dosage forms is that the delivery rate of the drug is not influenced by physiological or experimental conditions.
Evena drug witha pH-dependent solubility can be delivered at a constant rate regardless of the pH of the delivery medium. But because these advantages are provided by a build- up of osmotic pressure within the dosage form after administration, conventionalOROS@ drug delivery systems cannot be used to effectively deliver drugs with low water solubility. Id. at 234. Because co-crystals of this invention can be far more soluble in water than the API itself, they are well suited for osmotic-based delivery to patients. This invention does, however, encompass the incorporation of conventional crystalline API (e. g. pure API without co-crystal former), and non-salt isomers and isomeric mixtures thereof, intoOROS@ dosage forms.
A specific dosage form of the invention comprises: a wall defining a cavity, the wall having an exit orifice formed or formable therein and at least a portion of the wall being semipermeable ; an expandable layer located within the cavity remote from the exit orifice and in fluid communication with the semipermeable portion of the wall; a dry or substantially dry state drug layer located within the cavity adjacent to the exit orifice and in direct or indirect contacting relationship with the expandable layer ; and a flow- promoting layer interposed between the inner surface of the wall and at least the external surface of the drug layer located within the cavity, wherein the drug layer comprises a co- crystal, or a solvate, hydrate, dehydrate, anhydrous, or amorphous form thereof. See U. S.
Pat. No. 6, 368, 626, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Another specific dosage form of the invention comprises : a wall defining a cavity, the wall having an exit orifice formed or formable therein and at least a portion of the wall being semipermeable ; an expandable layer located within the cavity remote from the exit orifice and in fluid communication with the semipermeable portion of the wall; a
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drug layer located within the cavity adjacent the exit orifice and in direct or indirect contacting relationship with the expandable layer; the drug layer comprising a liquid, active agent formulation absorbed in porous particles, the porous particles being adapted to resistcompaction forces sufficient to forma compacted drug layer without significant exudation of the liquid9 active agent formulation, the dosage form optionally having a placebo layer between the exit orifice and the drug layer, wherein the active agent formulation comprises aco-crystal, ora solvate, hydrate, dehydrate, anhydrous, or amorphous form thereof. See U. S. Pat. No. 6, 342, 249, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The invention will now be described in further detail, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings.
EXEMPLIFICATION General Methods for the Preparation of Co-Crystals a) High Throughput crystallization using theCrystalMax platformCrystalMaxTM comprises a sequence of automated, integrated high throughput robotic stations capable of rapid generation, identification and characterization of polymorphs, salts, and co-crystals of APIs and API candidates. Worksheet generation and combinatorial mixture design is carried out using proprietary design software Architect. Typically, an API or an API candidate is dispensed from an organic solvent into tubes and dried under a stream of nitrogen. Salts and/or co-crystal formers may also be dispensed and dried in the same fashion. Water and organic solvents may be combinatorially dispensed into the tubes using a multi-channel dispenser. Each tube in a 96-tube array is then sealed within 15 seconds of combinatorial dispensing to avoid solvent evaporation. The mixtures are then rendered supersaturated by heating to 70 degrees C for 2 hours followed by a1 degree C/minute cooling ramp to 5 degrees C.
Optical checks are then conducted to detect crystals and/or solid material. Oncea solid has been identified in a tube, it is isolated through aspiration and drying. Raman spectra
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are then obtained on the solids and cluster classification of the spectral patterns is performed using proprietary software(Inquire). b)Crystallization from solution Co-crystals may be obtained by dissolving the separate components ina solvent and adding one to the other. The co-crystal may then precipitate or crystallize as the solvent mixture is evaporated slowly. The co-crystal may also be obtained by dissolving the two components in the same solvent ora mixture of solvents. c)Crystallization from the melt(Co-melting)
A co-crystal may be obtained by melting the two components together (i. e. , co- melting) and allowing recrystallization to occur. In some cases, an anti-solvent may be added to facilitate crystallization. d) Thermal microscopy
A co-crystal may be obtained by melting the higher melting component on a glass slide and allowing it torecrystallize. The second component is then melted and is also allowed to recrystallize. The co-crystal may form as a separated phase/band in between the eutectic bands of the two original components. e) Mixingand/or grinding
A co-crystal may be obtained by mixing or grinding two components together in the solid state.f) Co-sublimation
A co-crystal may be obtained by co-subliming a mixture of an API and a co- crystal former in the same sample cell as an intimate mixture either by heating, mixing or placing the mixture under vacuum. A co-crystal may also be obtained by co-sublimation usingaKneudsen apparatus where the API and the co-crystal former are contained in separate sample cells, connected toa single cold finger, each of the sample cells is
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maintained at the same or different temperatures under a vaccum atmosphere in order to co-sublime the two components onto the cold-finger forming the desired co-crystal.
Analytical Methods Procedure for DSC analysis
DSC analysis of the samples was performed using aQ1000 Differential ScanningCalorimeter (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, U. S.A.), which uses Advantage for QW- Series, version 1.0. 0. 78, Thermal Advantage Release 2.0 (2001 TA Instruments-Water LLC). In addition, the analysis software used was Universal Analysis 2000 for Windows95/95/2000/NT, version 3. 1E ; Build 3.1. 0.40 (2001 TA Instruments-Water LLC).
For the DSC analysis, the purge gas used was dry nitrogen, the reference material was an empty aluminum pan that was crimped, and the sample purge was 50 mL/minute.
DSC analysis of the sample was performed by placing < 2 mg of sample in an aluminum pan with a crimped pan closure. The starting temperature was typically 20 degrees C with a heating rate of 10 degrees C/minute, and the ending temperature was 300 degrees C. Unless otherwise indicated, all reported transitions are as stated +/-1.0 degrees C.
Procedure for TGA analysis
TGA analysis of samples was performed using a Q500 Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, U. S. A. ), which uses Advantage for QW- Series, version 1.0. 0.78, Thermal Advantage Release 2.0 (2001 TA Instruments-Water LLC). In addition, the analysis software used was Universal Analysis 2000 for Windows95/95/2000/NT, version 3. 1E ; Build 3.1. 0.40 (2001 TA Instruments-Water LLC).
For all of the TGA experiments, the purge gas used was dry nitrogen, the balance purge was 40 mL/minute N2, and the sample purge was 60 mL/minute N2.
TGA of the sample was performed by placing < 2 mg of sample in a platinum pan. The starting temperature was typically 20 degrees C with a heating rate of 10 degreesC/minute, and the ending temperature was 300 degrees C.
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Procedure for PXRD analysis
A powder X-ray diffraction pattern for the samples was obtained using aD/Max Rapid, Contact(Rigaku/MSC, TheWoodlands, TX, U. S.A.), which uses as its controlsoftware PINT Rapid Control software, Rigaku Rapid/XRD, version 1. 0. 0(1999 RigakuCo.). In addition, the analysis software used were1tINT Rapid display software, version 1.18 (Rigaku/MSC), and JADE XRD Pattern Processing, versions 5.0 and 6.0( (1995- 2002, Materials Data, Inc. ).
For the PXRD analysis, the acquisition parameters were as follows : source was Cu with aK line at 1.5406A ; x-y stage was manual ; collimator size was 0.3 or 0.8 nirn ; capillary tube (Charles Supper Company,Natick, MA, U. S.A.) was 0.3 mm ID ; reflection mode was used; the power to the X-ray tube was 46 kV; the current to the X-ray tube was 40 mA ; the omega-axis was oscillating in a range of 0-5 degrees at a speed of1 degree/minute; the phi-axis was spinning at an angle of 360 degrees at a speed of 2 degrees/second; 0.3 or 0.8 mm collimator; the collection time was 60 minutes ; the temperature was room temperature; and the heater was not used. The sample was presented to the X-ray source in a boron rich glass capillary.
In addition, the analysis parameters were as follows: the integration 2-theta range was 2-40 or 60 degrees; the integration chi range was 0-360 degrees; the number of chi segments was 1; the step size used was 0.02 ; the integration utility was cylint; normalization was used; dark counts were 8; omega offset was 180; and chi and phi offsets were 0.
The relative intensity of peaks in a diffractogram is not necessarily a limitation of the PXRD pattern because peak intensity can vary from sample to sample, e. g. , due to crystalline impurities. Further, the angles of each peak can vary by about +/-0.1 degrees, preferably+/-0. 05. The entire pattern or most of the pattern peaks may also shift by about+/-0. 1 degree due to differences in calibration, settings, and other variations from instrument to instrument and from operator to operator.
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Procedure for Raman acquisition, Filtering and Binningil cquisition
The sample was either left in the glass vial in which it was processed or an aliquot of the sample was transferred toa glass slide. The glass vial or slide was positioned in the sample chamber. The measurement was made using anAlmega Dispersive Raman(Almega Dispersive Raman, Thermo-Nicolet, 5225 Verona Road, Madison, WI 53711- 4495) system fitted with a785nm laser source. The sample was manually brought into focus using the microscope portion of the apparatus witha lOx power objective (unless otherwise noted), thus directing the laser onto the surface of the sample. The spectrum was acquired using the parameters outlined in Table XXII. (Exposure times and number of exposures may vary; changes to parameters will be indicated for each acquisition.) Filtering and Binning
Each spectrum in a set was filtered using a matched filter of feature size 25 to remove background signals, including glass contributions and sample fluorescence. This is particularly important as large background signal or fluorescence limit the ability to accurately pick and assign peak positions in the subsequent steps of the binning process.
Filtered spectra were binned using the peak pick and bin algorithm with the parameters given in Table XXIII. The sorted cluster diagrams for each sample set and the corresponding cluster assignments for each spectral file were used to identify groups of samples with similar spectra, which was used to identify samples for secondary analyses.
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Table XXII. Raman Spectral acquisition parameters
EMI61.1
<tb>
<tb> Parameter <SEP> Setting <SEP> Used
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Exposure <SEP> time <SEP> (s) <SEP> 2.0
<tb>
<tb> Number <SEP> of <SEP> exposures <SEP> 10 <SEP>
<tb> <SEP> Number <SEP> of <SEP> clusters <SEP> Variable <SEP>
<tb>
Procedure for Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction
Single crystal x-ray data were collected on a Bruker SMART-APEX CCD diffractometer (M. J. Zaworotko, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida).
Lattice parameters were determined from least squares analysis. Reflection data was
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integrated using the program SAINT. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full matrix least squares using the program SHELXTL (Sheldrick, G. M.
SHELXTL, Release
5.03 ; Siemans Analytical
: S-ray Instruments
Inc.: Madison,
WI).
Theco-crystals of the present inventioncan be characterized, e. g., by t ;e TGA or DSC data or by any one, any two, any three, any four, any five, any six, any seven, any eight, any nine, any ten, or any single integer numberof PXRD 2-theta angle peaks or Raman shift peaks listed herein or disclosed ina figure, or by single crystal x-ray diffraction data.
Example1
1: 1 celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystals were prepared. Celecoxib (100 mg, 0.26 mmol) and nicotinamide (32.0 mg, 0.26 mmol) were each dissolved in acetone (2 mL).
The two solutions were mixed and the resulting mixture was allowed to evaporate slowly overnight. The precipitated solid was redissolved in acetone a second time and left to evaporate to dryness. The powder was collected and characterized. Detailed characterization of the celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal is listed in Table XXIV. Fig.
1A
shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig.
1B
shows the raw PXRD data. Fig. 2 shows a DSC thermogram of the celecoxib: nicotinamide co- crystal. Fig. 3 shows a TGA thermogram of the celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal. Fig.
4 shows a Raman spectrum of the celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystal.
Example 2
Co-crystals of celecoxib and 18-crown-6 were prepared. A solution of celecoxib (157.8 mg, 0.4138 mmol) in Et20 (10.0 mL) was added to 18-crown-6 (118.1 mg, 0.447 mmol). The opaque solid dissolves immediately and a white solid subsequently began to crystallize very rapidly. The solid was collected via filtration and was washed with additional diethyl ether (5 mL). Detailed characterization of the celecoxib :18-crown-6 co-crystal is listed in Table XXIV. Fig. 5A shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig.5B shows the raw PXRD data. Fig. 6 shows a
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DSC thermogram of the celecoxib:18-crown-6 co-crystal. Fig. 7 shows a TGA thermogram of the celecoxib:18-crown-6 co-crystal.
Example 3Co-crystalsof topiramate and 18-crown-6 were prepared. To topiramate (100mg, 0.29 mmol) dissolved in diethyl ether (5 mL) was added 18-crown-6 (78 mg, 0.29 mmol) in diethyl ether (5 mL). Upon addition of1 S-crown-69 the solution became cloudy and was sonicated for 30 seconds. The solution was left standing for1 hour anda colorless precipitate was observed. The precipitate was collected, washed with diethyl ether and dried to give a 1: 1 co-crystal of topiramate:18-crown-6 as a colorless solid. Detailed characterization of the co-crystal is listed in Table XXIV. Fig. 8A shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig. 8B shows the raw PXRD data.
Fig. 9 shows a DSC thermogram of the topiramate : 18-crown-6 co-crystal.
Example 4
Co-crystals of olanzapine and nicotinamide (FormsI, II and III) were prepared. A 9-block experiment was designed with 12 solvents. (A block is a receiving plate, which can be, for example, an industry standard 24 well, 96 well, 384 well, or 1536 well format, or a custom format.) 864 crystallization experiments with 10 co-crystal formers and 3 concentrations were carried out using theCrystalMaxTM platform. Form I was obtained from mixtures containing 1: 1 and 1: 2 molar ratios of olanzapine : nicotinamide in1, 2- dichloroethane. Form II was obtained from mixtures containing a 1: 2 molar ratio of olanzapine and nicotinamide in isopropyl acetate. PXRD and DSC characterization of the olanzapine: nicotinamide co-crystals are listed in Table XXIV. Fig.10A shows the PXRD diffractogram of form I after subtraction of background noise. Fig.1 OB shows the raw PXRD data of formI. Fig. 11 shows a DSC thermogram of the olanzapine : nicotinamide form Ico-crystal. Fig. 12 shows the PXRD diffractogram of olanzapine : nicotinamide form II after subtraction of background noise.
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Co-crystals of olanzapine and nicotinamide (Form III) were prepared. Olanzapine (40 microliters of 25 mg/mL stock solution in tetrahydrofuran) and nicotinamide (37.6 microliters of 20 mg/mL stock solution in methanol) were added to a glass vial and dried undera flow of nitrogen. To the solid mixture was added isopropyl acetate (100 microliters) and the vial was sealed with an aluminum cap. The suspension was then heated at 70 degrees C for two hours in order to dissolve all of the solid material. The solution was then cooled to 5 degrees C and maintained at that temperature for24 hours.
After 24 hours the vial wasuncapped and the mixture was concentrated to 50 microliters of total volume. The vial was then resealed with an aluminum cap and was maintained at 5 degrees C for an additional 24 hours. Large, yellow plates were observed and were collected (FormIII). The solid was characterized with single crystal x-ray diffraction and powder x-ray diffraction. PXRD characterization of the co-crystal is listed in Table XXIV. Fig. 13A shows the PXRD diffractogram of form III after subtraction of background noise. Fig. 13B shows the raw PXRD data of form III. Figs. 14A-D show packing diagrams of the olanzapine: nicotinamide form III co-crystal.
Single crystal x-ray analysis reveals that the olanzapine: nicotinamide (Form III) co-crystal is made up of a ternary system containing olanzapine, nicotinamide, water and isopropyl acetate in the unit cell. The co-crystal crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP2i/c and contains two olanzapine molecules, one nicotinamide molecule, 4 water molecules and one isopropyl acetate molecule in the asymmetric unit. The packing diagram is made up of a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network with the water molecules connecting the olanzapine and nicotinamide moieties. The packing diagram is also comprised of alternating olanzapine and nicotinamide layers connected through hydrogen bonding via the water and isopropyl acetate molecules, as shown in Figure 14B. The olanzapine layer propagates along the b axis at c/4 and 3c/4. The nicotinamide layer propagates along the b axis at c/2. The top of Figure 14C illustrates the nicotinamide superstructure. The nicotinamide molecules form dimers which hydrogen bond to chains of 4 water molecules. The water chains terminate with isopropyl acetate molecules on each side.
Crystal data :C45H64NIO07S2,M = 921. 10, nzonoclinic P21/c9 a= 14. 0961(12) A, b= 12. 59o4 (10) Av c = 27.219 (2) A,a=90 7p = 97.396(2) , y =90 , T = 100 (2)K,Z=
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4,Dc= 1. 276Mg/m 3U = 4793.6 (7)A,X = 0.71073 A ; 24952 reflections measured, 8457 unique(Rint = 0. 0882). Final residuals were Ri = 0.0676, wR2 = 0.1461 for I > 2c(I), and Ri = 0.1187, wR2 = 0. 1687 for all8457 data.
Example5
A co-crystal of cis-itraconazole and succinic acid was prepared. Toa solution of succinic acid (16.8 mg, 0.142 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (0.50 mL) was added cis- itraconazole (100 mg, 0.142 mmol).A clear solution formed with heating (60 degrees C) and stirring. Upon cooling to room temperature (25 degrees C), crystals began to form.
The solid was collected by filtration and washed with cold THF (2 mL). The white solid was air-dried and placed in a glass vial. The crystalline substance was found to be a succinic acid co-crystal of cis-itraconazole. The solid was characterized by PXRD and DSC. Fig. 15 shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig.
16 shows a DSC thermogram of the co-crystal.
Example 6
A co-crystal of cis-itraconazole and fumaric acid was prepared. To a blend of fumaric acid (8. 40 mg, 0.072 mmol) and cis-itraconazole (51.8 mg, 0.073 mmol) was added tetrahydrofuran (THF) (1.0 mL). A clear solution formed with heating (60 degrees C) and stirring. Upon cooling to room temperature (25 degrees C), no crystals formed.
To the clear solution was added t-butyl methyl ether (1.0 mL). A white solid formed immediately and was collected by filtration and washed with cold t-butyl methyl ether (2 mL). The white solid was air-dried and placed in a glass vial. The crystalline substance was found to be a fumaric acid co-crystal of cis-itraconazole. The solid was characterized by PXRD and DSC. Fig. 17 shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig. 18 shows a DSC thermogram of the co-crystal.
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Example 7
A co-crystal of cis-itraconazole and L-tartaric acid was prepared. To a solution of L-tartaric acid (21.3 mg, 0.142 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(THF) (0.50 mL) was added cis- itraconazole (100mg9 0.142 mmol). A clear solution formed with heating (60 degreesC) and stirring. Upon cooling to room temperature (25 degreesC), crystals began to form.
The solid was collected by filtration and washed with cold THF (2 mL). The white solid was air-dried and placed in a glass vial. The crystalline substance was found to be an Ltartaric acid co-crystal of cis-itraconazole. The solid was characterized by PXRD and DSC. Fig. 19 shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig.
20 showsa DSC thermogram of the co-crystal.
Example 8
A co-crystal of cis-itraconazole and L-malic acid was prepared. To a solution of L-malic acid (19.1 mg, 0.143 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (0.50 mL) was added cisitraconazole (100 mg, 0.142 mmol). A clear solution formed with heating (60 degrees C) and stirring. Upon cooling to room temperature (25 degrees C), crystals began to form.
The solid was collected by filtration and washed with cold THF (2 mL). The white solid was air-dried and placed in a glass vial. The crystalline substance was found to be an Lmalic acid co-crystal of cis-itraconazole. The solid was characterized by PXRD and DSC. Fig. 21 shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig.
22 shows a DSC thermogram of the co-crystal.
Example 9
A co-crystal of cis-itraconazole hydrochloride and DL-tartaric acid was prepared.
To a suspension of cis-itraconazole freebase (20.1 g, 0. 0285 mol) in absolute ethanol (100 mL) was added a solution of hydrochloric acid (1.56 g, 0.0428 mol) andDL-tartaric acid (2.99 g, 0.0171mol) in absolute ethanol (100 mL). A clear solution formed with stirring and heating to reflux. The hot solution was gravity filtered and allowed to cool to room temperature (25 degreesC). Upon cooling white crystals formed. The solid was
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collected by filtration and washed with cold absolute ethanol (15 mL). The white solid was dried in a vacuum oven overnight at80 degrees C. The crystalline substance was found to bea DL-tartaric acid co-crystal of cis-itraconazole hydrochloride. The solid wascharacterized by PXRD and DSC. Fig. 23 shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig.24 shows a DSC thermogram of theco-crystal.
Example 10
Co-crystals of modafinil and malonic acid were prepared. Using a 250mg/ml modafinil-acetic acid solution, malonic acid was dissolved ona hotplate (about 67 degrees C) at a 1: 2 modafinil to malonic acid ratio. The mixture was dried under flowing nitrogen overnight. A powdery white solid was produced. After further drying for1 day, acetic acid was removed (as determined by TGA) and the crystal structure of the modafinil : malonic acid (Form I) co-crystal, as determined by PXRD, remained the same.
The modafinil : malonic acid (FormI) co-crystal was also prepared by grinding the API and co-crystal former together. 2.50 g of modafinil was mixed with 1.01 g of malonic acid in a large mortar and pestle (malonic acid added in increments over 7 days with about a 1: 1. 05 ratio made on the first day and increments added over the next seven days which resulted in a 1: 2 modafinil : malonic acid ratio). The mixture was ground for 45 minutes initially and 20 minutes each time more malonic acid was added. On the seventh day the mixture of co-crystal and starting components was heated in a sealed 20 mL vial at 80 degrees C for about 35 minutes to facilitate completion of the co-crystal formation.
PXRD analysis of the resultant material was completed and the diffractogram is shown in Fig. 25, after subtraction of background noise. Fig. 26 shows a DSC thermogram of the modafinil: malonic acid Form I co-crystal. Fig. 27 shows the Raman spectrum of the modafinil: malonic acid Form I co-crystal. Fig. 27 comprises peaks, in order of decreasing intensity, of 1004,222, 633,265, 1032,1183, 814, 1601,490, 718,767, 361,917, 1104,889, 412,1225, 1251, 1398,1442, 1731, 1298, 3065, and 2949cm''. Single crystal data of the modafinil : malonic acid Form I co-crystal were acquired and are reported below.
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Crystal data:ClsHlsNo6sv M= 377. 40, monoclinic C2/c;a = 18. 728 (8) angstroms, b = 5. 480 (2) angstroms, c= 33. 894 (13) angstroms, alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 91.864 (9) degrees, gamma = 90 degrees, T = 100 (2) K,Z= 8, De= 1.442Mg/m3, U = 3477 2) cubic angstroms, γ = 0. 71073 angstroms, 6475 reflections measured, 3307unique (Ri,, t = 0.1567).Final residuals were 1t1 = 0.1598, wR2 = 0. 3301 for I > 2sigma (I), and Ri = 0.2544,wR2 = 0.3740 forall 3307 data.
A polymorph of the modafinil : malonic acid Form I co-crystal was prepared ina vial. 11.4mg of modafinil and 8. 9 mgof malonic acid were dissolved in 2 mL of acetone. The solids dissolved at room temperature, and the vial was left open to evaporate the solvent in air. Large parallelogram shaped crystals formed on the walls and bottom of the vial. The PXRD diffractogram of the large crystals showed modafinil : malonic acid co-crystals Form II, a polymorphic form of modafinil: malonic acid Form I. Fig. 28 shows the PXRD diffractogram of the modafinil: malonic acid Form II co-crystal after subtraction of background noise.
Example 11
Co-crystals of modafinil and glycolic acid were prepared.
Modafinil
(1
mg, 0.
0037mmol)
and glycolic acid (0.30 mg, 0.0037 mmol) were dissolved in acetone (400 microliters). The solution was allowed to evaporate to dryness and the resulting solid was characterized using PXRD. PXRD data for the modafinil: glycolic acid co-crystal is listed in Table XXIV. Fig. 29A shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig. 29B shows the raw PXRD data.
Example 12
Co-crystals of modafinil and maleic acid were prepared. Usinga 250 mg/ml modafinil-acetic acid solution, maleic acid was dissolved on a hotplate (about 67 degreesC) at a2 : 1 modafinil to maleic ratio. The mixture was dried under flowing nitrogen overnight. A clear amorphous material remained. Solids began to grow after 2 days stored ina sealed vial at room temperature. The solid was collected and characterized as
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the modafinil: maleic acid co-crystal using PXRD. Fig. 30A shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig. 30B shows the raw PXRD data.
Example 13
Co-crystalsof 5-fluorouracil and urea were prepared. To 5-fluorouracil (lg, 7.69 mmol) and urea (0.46g, 7.69 mmol) was added methanol (100mL). The solution was heated at 65 degrees C andsonicated until all the material dissolved. The solution was then cooled to 5 degrees C and maintained at that temperature overnight. After about 3 days a white precipitate was observed and collected. The solid was characterized by DSC, PXRD, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA as the 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal.
Characterization data are listed in Table XXIV. Fig.31A shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtaction of background noise. Fig. 31B shows the raw PXRD data. Fig. 32 shows a DSC thermogram of the 5-fluorouracil:urea co-crystal. Fig. 33 shows a TGA thermogram of the 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal. Fig. 34 shows a Raman spectrum of the 5-fluorouracil: urea co-crystal. Single crystal data of the 5-fluorouracil: urea co- crystal were acquired and are reported below.
Crystal data:CsH7FN403, M = 190.15, monoclinic C2/C,a = 9.461 (3) angstroms, b = 10.487 (3) angstroms, c= 15. 808 (4) angstroms, alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 99.891 (5), gamma = 90 degrees, T = 100 (2) K, Z = 8, Dc = 1.635Mg/m3, U = 1545.2 (7) cubic angstroms,X = 0.71073 angstroms, 3419 reflections measured, 1633 unique(Ri. t = 0.0330). Final residuals were Ri = 0.0667, wR2 = 0.1505 forI > 2sigma (I), and Ri = 0.0872, wR2 = 0.1598 for all 1633 data.
Example 14
Co-crystals of hydrochlorothiazide and nicotinic acid were prepared.
Hydrochlorothiazide (12.2 mg, 0.041 mmol) and nicotinic acid (5 mg, 0.041 mmol) were dissolved in methanol(1mL). The solution was then cooled to 5 degreesC and maintained at that temperature for 12 hours. A white solid precipitated and was collected and characterized as the hydrochlorothiazide : nicotinic acid co-crystal using PXRD. Fig.
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35A shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig. 35B shows the raw PXRD data.
Example 15 Co-crystals of hydrochlorothiazide and 18-crown-6 were prepared.
Hydrochlorothiazide (100 mg, 0.33 mmol) was dissolved in diethyl ether (15 mL) and was added to a solution of18-crown-6(87. 2 mg, 0.33 mmol) in diethyl ether (15 mL). A white precipitate immediately began to form and was collected and characterized as thehydrochlorothiazide : 18-crown-6 co-crystal using PXRD. Fig. 36A shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig. 36B shows the raw PXRD data.
Example 16
Co-crystals of hydrochlorothiazide and piperazine were prepared.
Hydrochlorothiazide (17.3 mg, 0.058 mmol) and piperazine (5 mg, 0.058 mmol) were dissolved in a1 :1 mixture of ethyl acetate and acetonitrile (1 mL). The solution was then cooled to 5 degrees C and maintained at that temperature for 12 hours. A white solid precipitated and was collected and characterized as the hydrochlorothiazide: piperazine co-crystal using PXRD. Fig. 37A shows the PXRD diffractogram after subtraction of background noise. Fig. 37B shows the raw PXRD data.
Example 17 Acetaminophen: 4,4'-bipyridine : water (1: 1: 1 stoichiometry)
50 mg (0.3307 mmol) acetaminophen and 52 mg (0.3329 mmol) 4, 4'-bipyridine were dissolved in hot water and allowed to stand. Slow evaporation yielded colorless needles of a 1: 1: 1 acetaminophen : 4, 4'-bipyridine : waterco-crystal, as shown in Figs.
38A-B.
Crystal data : (Bruker SMART-APEX CCD Diffractometer). triclinic, space groupPI ; a= 7.0534(8) 9 b = 9.5955 (12),c = 19. 3649 (2) A,a=86. 326 (2),13=80.291 (2),
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y = 88. 880(2), U= 1308.1 (3) A3, T = 200 (2) K, Z =2, (Mo-Kα) = 0.090mm'', Dc = 1.294Mg/m3,γ = 0.71073 A, F (000) = 537,2#max = 25.02 ; 6289 reflections measured, 4481 unique (Rint = 0.0261). Final residuals for 344 parameters were R1 = 0.0751, wR2 = 0. 2082 for1 > 2u (I), and Ri = 0. 1119, wR2 = 0.2377 forall 4481 data.
Crystal packing: The co-crystals contain bilayered sheets in which water molecules act as a hydrogen bonded bridge between the network bipyridine moieties and the acetaminophen. Bipyridin guests are sustained byac-a stacking interactions between two network bipyridines. The layers stack via7r interactions between the phenyl groups of the acetaminophen moieties.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry : (TA Instruments 2920 DSC), 57.77 degrees C (endotherm) ; m. p. =58-60 degrees C (MEL-TEMP) ; (acetaminophen m. p.= 169 degrees C, 4,4'-bipyridine m. p.= 111-114 degrees C).
Example 18 Phenytoin: Pyridone (1: 1 stoichiometry)
28 mg (0.1109 mmol) phenytoin and 11 mg (0.1156 mmol) 4-hydroxypyridone were dissolved in 2 mL acetone and 1 mL ethanol with heating and stirring. Slow evaporation yielded colorless needles of a 1: 1 phenytoin: pyridone co-crystal, as shown in Figs. 39A-B.
Crystal data: (Bruker SMART-APEX CCD Diffractometer),C2oHl7N303, M = 347.37, monoclinicP21/c ; a = 16. 6583 (19), b= 8. 8478 (10), c = 11.9546 (14) A,p = 96.618 (2) , U = 1750.2 (3)A3, T = 200 (2) K, Z= 4, u (Mo-Ka) = 0.091mm'', Dc = 1.318 Mg/m3,B= 0.71073 A, F (000) = 728,20ma, = 56.60 ; 10605 reflections measured, 4154 unique(R, nt = 0.0313). Final residuals for 247 parameters were Ri = 0.0560, wR2 = 0.1356 forI > 2c (I), and Rl = 0.0816, wR2 = 0.1559 for all 4154 data.
Crystal packing : The co-crystal is sustained by hydrogen bonding of adjacent phentoin molecules between the carbonyl and the amine closest to the tetrahedral carbon, and by hydrogen bonding between pyridonecarbonyl functionalities and the amine not involved in phenytoin-phenytoin interactions. The pyridone carbonyl also hydrogen bonds with adjacent pyridone molecules forming a one-dimensional network.
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Infrared Spectroscopy: (Nicolet Avatar 320 FTIR), characteristic peaks for the co-crystal were identified as: 2 amine found at 3311cm-1, carbonyl (ketone) found at171 1cm'', olephin peak found at1390cm~1.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry : (TA Instruments 2920 DSC), 233.39 degrees C (endotherm) and 271. 33 degrees C (endotherm) 9 m. p. = 231-233 degrees C (MEL- TEMP) ; (phenytoin m. p. = 295 degrees C, pyridone m. p. = 148 degrees C).
Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments2950Hi-Resolution TGA), a 29.09% weight loss starting at 192. 80 degrees C, 48. 72% weight loss starting at 238. 27 degrees C, and18. 38% loss starting at 260.17 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
Powder x-ray diffraction: (Rigaku Miniflex Diffractometer using Cu Ka(k= 1. 540562), 30kV,15mA). The powder data were collected over an angular range of3'to 40'20 in continuous scan mode using a step size of 0.02 20 and a scan speed of 2. 0 /minute. PXRD: Showed analogous peaks to the simulated PXRD derived from the single crystal data. experimental (calculated): 5.2 (5.3) ; 11.1 (11.3) ; 15.1 (15.2) ; 16.2 (16.4) ; 16.7 (17.0) ; 17.8 (17.9) ; 19.4 (19.4) ; 19.8 (19.7) ; 20.3 (20.1) ; 21.2 (21.4) ; 23.3 (23.7) ; 26.1 (26.4) ; 26.4 (26.6) ; 27.3 (27.6) ; 29.5 (29.9).
Example 19 Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid): 4,4'-bipyridine (2: 1 stoichiometry)
50 mg (0.2775 mmol) aspirin and 22 mg (0.1388 mmol) 4, 4'-bipyridine were dissolved in 4 mL hexane. 8 mL ether was added to the solution and allowed to stand for one hour, yielding colorless needles of a 2: 1 aspirin: 4,4'-bipyridine co-crystal, as shown in Figs. 40A-D. Alternatively, aspirin: 4,4'-bipyridine (2: 1 stoichiometry) can be made by grinding the solid ingredients in a pestle and mortar.
Crystal data: (Bruker SMART-APEX CCD Diffractometer),C2gH24N20g, M = 516.49, orthorhombicPbcn ;a = 28.831 (3), b= 11. 3861 (12), c = 8. 4144(9) A,U= 2762. 2 (5)A', T = 173 (2) K,Z = 4,u (Mo-Ka)= 0.092 mm-1, Dc = 1.242 Mg/m3,X = 0.71073 A, F (000) =1080,20maux = 25.02 ; 12431 reflections measured,2433 unique
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(Pint = 0. 0419). Final residuals for 202 parameters were Ri = 0.0419, wR2 = 0.1358 forI > 2cy(I), and Ri = 0.0541, wR2 = 0.1482 for all 2433 data.
Crystal packing: The co-crystal contains the carboxylic acid-pyridineheterodimer that crystallizes in thePben space group. The structure is an inclusion compound containing disordered solvent in the channels. In addition to the dominant hydrogen bonding interaction of theheterodimer, 7t stacking of the bipyridine and phenyl groups of the aspirin and hydrophobic interactions contribute to the overall packing interactions.
Infrared Spectroscopy: (Nicolet Avatar 320 FTIR) characteristic (-COOH) peak at 1679cm''was shifted up and less intense at1694cm'', where as the lactone peak is shifted down slightly from1750cm-to 1744cm-.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: (TA Instruments 2920 DSC), 95.14 degrees C (endotherm) ; m. p. = 91-96 degrees C(MEL-TEMP) ; (aspirin m. p. = 1345 degrees C, 4,4'-bipyridine m. p. = 111-114 degrees C).
Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments 2950 Hi-Resolution TGA), weight loss of 9% starting at 22.62 degrees C, 49.06% weight loss starting at 102.97 degrees C followed by complete decomposition starting at 209.37 degrees C.
Example 20Ibuprofen : 4, 4'-Bipyridine (2: 1 stoichiometry)
50 mg (0.242 mmol) racemic ibuprofen and 18mg (0.0960 mmol) 4,4'- bipyridine were dissolved in 5 mL acetone. Slow evaporation of the solvent yielded colorless needles of a 2: 1 ibuprofen: 4,4'-bipyridine co-crystal, as shown in Figs. 41A-D.
Crystal data: (Bruker SMART-APEX CCD Diffractometer),C36H44N204, M = 568. 73, triclinic, space groupP-1 ; a = 5.759 (3), b = 11.683 (6), c = 24.705 (11) A,a = 93.674(11), = 90. 880(10),y = 104.045(7) , U= 1608. 3 (13) A3, T= 200 (2) K, Z = 2,(Mo-Ka) = 0.076mm-1, Dc=1.174 Mg/m3, # = 0.71073 A, F (000) = 612,2flax = 23. 29 ; 5208 reflectionsmeasured, 3362 unique (Rint = 0.0826). Final residuals for 399 parameters were Ri = 0. 0964, wR2 = 0.2510 forI > 2c(I) 7 and Ri = 0.1775,wR2 = 0.2987 for all 3362 data.
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Crystal packing: The co-crystal contains ibuprofen: bipyridine heterodimers, sustained by two hydrogen bonded carboxylic acidpyridine supramolecular synthons, arranged ina herringbone motif that packs in the space groupP-1. Theheterodimer is an extended version of the homodimer and packs to forma two-dimensionalnetwork sustained by7r stacking of the bipyridine and phenyl groups of the ibuprofen and hydrophobic interactions from the ibuprofen tails.
Infrared Spectroscopy : (Nicolet Avatar 320 FTIR). Analysis observed stretching of aromatic C-H at2899 cm-1; N--H bending and scissoring at 188 cm-1; C=O stretching at 1679crn~l ; C-H out-of-plane bending for both 4,4'-bipyridine and ibuprofen at808 cm' 'and 628 cm''.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: (TA Instruments 2920 DSC), 64.85 degrees C (endotherm) and 118.79 degrees C (endotherm) ; m. p. = 113-120 degrees C (MEL- TEMP); (ibuprofen m. p. = 75-77 degrees C, 4, 4'-bipyridine m. p. = 111-114 degrees C).
Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments 2950 Hi-Resolution TGA), 13.28% weight loss between room temperature and 100.02 degrees C immediately followed by complete decomposition.
Powderx-ray diffraction: (Rigaku Miniflex Diffractometer using Cu Ka(k = 1.540562), 30kV,15mA). The powder data were collected over an angular range of3'to 400 20 in continuous scan mode using a step size of 0.02 20 and a scan speed of 2. 0 /minute. PXRD derived from the single crystal data, experimental (calculated): 3.4 (3.6) ; 6.9 (7.2) ; 10.4 (10.8) ; 17.3 (17.5) ; 19.1 (19.7).
Example 21 Flurbiprofen: 4, 4'-bipyridine (2: 1 stoichiometry)
50 mg (0.2046 mmol) flurbiprofen and 15 mg (0.0960 mmol) 4,4'-bipyridine were dissolved in 3 mL acetone. Slow evaporation of the solvent yielded colorless needles of a 2: 1 flurbiprofen : 4, 4'-bipyridine co-crystal, as shown in Figs.42A-D.
Crystal data : (Bruker SMART-APEX CCDDiffractometer), C4oH34F2N204, M =644. 69, monoclinicP2llt7 ;a = 5.860 (4), b = 47.49 (3), c = 5.928 (4) , ss = 107. 382 (8) , U = 1574.3 (19) 3, T = 200 (2) K,Z =2, (Mo-Kα) =0.096 mm-1, Dc = 1.360
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Mg/m3,X = 0.71073 A, F (000) = 676,26max = 21.69 ; 4246 reflections measured, 1634 unique (Rit = 0.0677). Final residuals for 226 parameters were Ri= 0.0908,wR2 = 0.2065 for1 > 2(I), andR1 = 0. 1084, wR2 = 0.2209 for all 1634 data.
Crystal packing : The co-crystal contains flurbiprofen : bipyridine heterodimers, sustained by two hydrogen bonded carboxylic acidpyridine supramolecular synthon, arranged ina herringbone motif that packs in the space groupPS1/7ç. Theheterodimer is an extended version of the homodimer and packs to form a two-dimensional network sustained by7v-z stacking and hydrophobic interactions of the bipyridine and phenyl groups of the flurbiprofen.
Infrared Spectroscopy: (Nicolet Avatar 320FTIR), aromatic C-H stretching at 3057cm-l and 2981 cm~1 ; N--H bending and scissoring at1886 cm-1; C=O stretching at 1690cm~1 ; C=C and C=N ring stretching at 1418 cm-1.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: (TA Instruments 2920 DSC), 162.47 degrees C (endotherm) ; m. p.= 155-160 degrees C (MEL-TEMP); (flurbiprofen m. p. = 110-111 degrees C, 4,4'-bipyridine m. p. = 111-114 degrees C).
Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments 2950 Hi-Resolution TGA), 30.93% weight loss starting at 31.13 degrees C and a 46.26% weight loss starting at 168. 74 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
Powder x-ray diffraction: (Rigaku Miniflex Diffractometer using Cu Ka(k = 1. 540562), 30kV,15mA), the powder data were collected over an angular range of3'to 40'20 in continuous scan mode using a step size of 0.02 20 and a scan speed of 2. 0 /minute. PXRD derived from the single crystal data: experimental (calculated): 16.8 (16. 8) ; 17.1 (17.5) ; 18. 1 (18. 4); 19.0 (19.0) ; 20.0 (20.4) ; 21.3 (21.7) ; 22.7 (23.0) ; 25.0 (25.6) ; 26.0 (26.1) ; 26.0 (26.6) ; 26.1 (27.5) ; 28.2 (28.7) ; 29.1 (29.7).
Example 22 Flurbiprofen : trans-1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene (2: 1 stoichiometry)
25 mg (0.1023 mmol) flurbiprofen and 10 mg (0.0548mmol) trans-1, 2-bis (4- pyridyl) ethylene were dissolved in 3 mL acetone. Slow evaporation of the solvent
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yielded colorless needles of a 2: 1 flurbiprofen:1, 2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene co-crystal, as shown in Figs. 43A-B.
Crystal data :(Bruker SMART-APEX CCDDiffractometer), C42H36F2N204, M = 670. 73, monoclinic P2/ ; a = 5. 8697 (9), b = 47.357 (7), c = 6. 3587 (10) A,, = 109.492(3) , U = 1666. 2 (4)A39 T = 200 (2) K,Z =2, (Mo-Kα) = 0.093 Dc= 1.337Mg/m3,X = 0.71073 A,F (000) = 704,20max= 21.69 , 6977 reflectionsmeasured, 2383 unique ( ;"t = 0.0383). Final residuals for 238 parameters were Ri = 0. 2(I)and Ri = 0.1403,wR2 = 0.1709 forall 2383 data.
Crystal packing: The co-crystal contains flurbiprofen :1, 2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene heterodimers, sustained by two hydrogen bonded carboxylic acid-pyridine supramolecular synthons, arranged in a herringbone motif that packs in the space group P21/n. The heterodimer from 1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene further extends the homodimer relative to example 21 and packs to form a two-dimensional network sustained byR-71 stacking and hydrophobic interactions of the bipyridine and phenyl groups of the flurbiprofen.
Infrared Spectroscopy: (Nicolet Avatar 320 FTIR), aromatic C-H stretching at 2927cm~1 and 2850cm~l ; N--H bending and scissoring at1875 cm-1; mm-1; C=O stretching at 1707curl; C=C and C=N ring stretching at 1483cm''.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: (TA Instruments 2920 DSC), 100.01 degrees C, 125.59 degrees C and 163.54 degrees C(endotherms) ; m. p. =153-158 degrees C (MEL-TEMP); (flurbiprofen m. p. =110-111 degrees C, trans-1, 2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene m. p.= 150-153 degrees C).
Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments 2950 Hi-Resolution TGA), 91.79% weight loss starting at 133.18 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
Powder x-ray diffraction: (Rigaku Miniflex Diffractometer usingCu Ka(S = 1.540562), 30kV,15mA), the powder data were collected over an angular range of3 to 40 20 in continuous scan mode using a step size of 0.02 20 and a scan speed of 2. 0 /minute. PXRD derived from the single crystal data, experimental (calculated) : 3.6 (3.7) ; 17.3 (17.7) ; 18. 1 (18.6); 18.4 (18.6) ; 19.1 (19.3) ; 22.3 (22.5) ; 23.8(23. 9) ; 25. 9(26. 4) ; 28. 1(28. 5).
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Example 23Carbamazepinep-Phthalaldehyde (2: 1 stoichiometry)
25 mg (0.1058 mmol) carbamazepine and 7 mg (0.0521 mmol) p-phthalaldehyde were dissolved in approximately 3 mL methanol. Slow evaporation of the solvent yielded colorless needles ofa2 : 1 carbamazepine:p-phthalaldehyde co-crystal, as shown in Figs. 44A-B.
Crystal data : (Bruker SMART-APEX CCD Diffractometer), C38H30N4O4,M = 606.669 monoclinic C2/c ; a= 29. 191 (16),b = 4. 962(3),c = 20.316 (11) A,p = 92.105(8) , U= 2941 (3) A3, T= 200 (2) K,Z =4, (Mo-Kα) = 0. 090mm-1, De = 1.370Mg/m3, B= 0.71073A, F (000) = 1272,20mat = 43.66 , 3831 reflections measured, 1559 unique (R ; nt = 0.0510). Final residuals for268 parameters were Ri = 0.0332, wR2 = 0.0801 forI > 2cs (I), andRl = 0.0403, wR2 = 0.0831 for all 1559 data.
Crystal packing: The co-crystals contain hydrogen bonded carboxamide homodimers that crystallize in the space groupC2/c. The 1 amines of the homodimer are bifurcated to the carbonylof the p-phthalaldehyde forming a chain with an adjacent homodimer. The chains pack in a crinkled tape motif sustained byTt-Tt interactions between phenyl rings of the carbamazepine.
Infrared Spectroscopy: (Nicolet Avatar 320 FTIR). The1 amine unsymmetrical and symmetrical stretching was shifted down to 3418cm-1 ; aliphatic aldehyde and1 amide C=O stretching was shifted up to 1690 cm-1; N-H in-plane bending at1669 cm-1; C-H aldehyde stretching at 2861 cm-1 and H-C=O bending at 1391 cm
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: (TA Instruments 2920 DSC), 128. 46 degrees C (endotherm), m. p. = 121-124 degrees C (MEL-TEMP), (carbamazepine m. p. = 190.2 degrees C, p-phthalaldehyde m.p.-116 degrees C).
Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments 2950 Hi-Resolution TGA), 17.66% weight loss starting at 30.33 degrees C then a 17.57% weight loss starting at100. 14 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
Powder x-ray diffraction : (Rigaku Miniflex Diffractometer usingCu Ka(# = 1. 540562),30kV, 15mA). The powder data were collected over an angular range of3'to 40'20 in continuous scan mode using a step size of 0.02 20 and a scan speed of
25 mg (0.1058 mmol) carbamazepine and 12 mg (0. 0982 mmol) nicotinamide were dissolved in 4 mLof DMSO, methanol or ethanol. Slow evaporation of the solvent yielded colorless needles of a 1: 1 carbamazepine : nicotinamide co-crystal, as shown in Fig. 45.
Using a separate method, 25 mg(0.1058 mmol) carbamazepine and12 mg (0.0982mmol) nicotinamide were ground together with mortar and pestle. The solid was determined to be 1:1 carbamazepine : nicotinamide microcrystals (PXRD).
1: 1 carbamazepine: nicotinamide co-crystals were also prepared via another method. A 12-block experiment was designed with 12 solvents. (A block is a receiving plate, which can be an industry standard 96 well, 384 well, or 1536 well format, or a custom format. ) 1152 crystallization experiments were carried out using theCrystalMaxTM platform. The co-crystal was obtained from samples containing toluene, acetone, or isopropyl acetate. The resulting co-crystal was characterized by PXRD and DSC and these data are shown in Figs. 46 and 47, respectively. The co-crystals prepared from toluene, aceone, or isopropyl acetate may contain impurities such as carbamazepine in free form due to incomplete purification.
Crystal data: (Bruker SMART-APEX CCD Diffractometer),C2lHIsN402, M = 358.39, monoclinic P21/n ;a = 5.0961 (8), b = 17.595 (3), c = 19.647 (3)A, = 90.917(3) , U= 1761.5 (5)A, T= 200 (2) K, Z =4,p (Mo-Ka) = 0.090mm'',Dc = 1. 351Mg/m39 X = 0.71073A, F (OOO) =752, 2#max = 56.60 , 10919 reflections measured,4041 unique (Rint = 0.0514). Final residuals for 248 parameters were Ri = 0. 0732,wR2 = 0.1268 forI > 2od Rl = 0.1161, wR2 = 0.1430 for all 4041 data.
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Crystal packing: The co-crystals contain hydrogen bonded carboxamide homodimers. The1 amines are bifurcated to the carbonyl of the nicotinamide on each side of the dimer. The1 amines of each nicotinamide are hydrogen bonded to the carbonylof the adjoining dimer. The dimers form chains with #-# interactions from the phenyl groups of the carbamazepine.
Infrared Spectroscopy: (Nicolet Avatar 320 FTIR), unsymmetrical and symmetrical stretching shifts down to 3443 cm-1 and 3388 cm-1 accounting for 1 amines ;1 amide C=O stretching at 1690cm 19 N-H in-plane bending at 1614cm-1; C=C stretching shifted down to 1579cm-1 ; aromatic H's from800cm''to 500cm''are present.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: (TA Instruments 2920 DSC), 74.49 degrees C (endotherm) and 159.05 degrees C (endotherm), m. p. = 153-158 degrees C (MEL- TEMP), (carbamazepine m. p. = 190.2 degrees C, nicotinamide m. p. = 150-160 degrees C).
Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments 2950 Hi-Resolution TGA), 57.94% weight loss starting at 205.43 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
Powder x-ray diffraction: (Rigaku Miniflex Diffractometer using Cu Ka( ?, = 1.540562),30kV,15mA). The powder data were collected over an angular range of3'to 40'20 in continuous scan mode using a step size of 0.02 20 and a scan speed of 2. 0 /minute. PXRD: Showed analogous peaks to the simulated PXRD derived from the single crystal data. PXRD analysis experimental (calculated): 6.5 (6.7) ; 8.8 (9.0) ; 10.1 (10.3) ; 13.2 (13.5) ; 15.6 (15. 8) ; 17.7 (17.9) ; 17.8 (18. 1); 18. 3 (18. 6); 19.8 (20.1) ; 20.4 (20.7) ; 21.6 (N/A); 22.6 (22.8) ; 22.9 (23.2) ; 26.4 (26.7) ; 26.7 (27.0) ; 28.0 (28. 4).
Example 25 Carbamazepine: saccharin (1: 1 stoichiometry)
25 mg(0.1058mmol) carbamazepine and 19 mg (0.1037 mmol) saccharin were dissolved in approximately 4 mL ethanol. Slow evaporation of the solvent yielded colorless needles of a 1: 1 carbamazepine : saccharin co-crystal, as shown in Fig. 48.
Solubility measurements indicate that this co-crystal of carbamazepine has improved
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solubility over previously known forms of carbamazepine (e.g., increased molar solubility and longer solubility in aqueous solutions).
1: 1 carbamazepine : saccharin co-crystals were also prepared via another method.
A
12-block
experiment
was designed with 12 solvents.
(A
block is
a
receiving plate, which can be an industry standard 96 well, 384 well, or 1536 well format, or
a
custom format.) 1152 crystallization experiments were carried out using the
CrystalMax
platform. The carbamazepine : saccharin co-crystal was obtained from a mixture of isopropyl acetate and heptane. The resulting co-crystal was characterized by PXRD and DSC and these data are shown in Figures 49 and
50,
respectively. The co-crystal prepared from a mixture of isopropyl acetate and heptane may contain impurities such as carbamazepine in free form due to incomplete purification.
Crystal data: (Bruker SMART-APEX CCD Diffractometer),C22HmN304S, M = 419.45, triclinicP-1 ; a = 7.5140(11), b = 10.4538 (15), c = 12.6826(18) A,a = 83. 642 (2) , = 85. 697(2) , γ = 75.411 (2) , U = 957.0 (2) A3, T = 200 (2) K, Z = 2,u (Mo-Ka) = 0.206 mm-1, Dc = 1.456Mg/m3,= 0.71073 A, F (000) = 436,26maux = 56.20 ; 8426 reflections measured, 4372 unique(R, nt = 0.0305). Final residuals for 283 parameters were Ri = 0.0458, wR2 = 0.1142 for1 > 2(I), and Ri = 0.0562, wR2 = 0.1204 for all4372 data.
Crystal packing: The co-crystals contain hydrogen bonded carboxamide homodimers. The 2 amines of the saccharin are hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl of the carbamazepine on each side forming a tetramer. The crystal has a space groupof P-1 withTt-Tt interactions between the phenyl groups of the carbamazepine and the saccharin phenyl groups.
Infrared Spectroscopy: (Nicolet Avatar 320 FTIR), unsymmetrical and symmetrical stretching shifts up to 3495 cm-1 accounting for 1 amines ;C=O aliphatic stretching was shifted up to 1726 cm-1; N-H in-plane bending at 1649cm-1 ; C=C stretching shifted down to 1561cm~l ; (O=S=O) sulfonyl peak at 1330cm-1 C-N aliphatic stretching 1175cm~l.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry : (TA Instruments 2920 DSC), 75.31 degrees C (endotherm) and 177.32 degrees C (endotherm), m. p. =148-155 degrees C (MEL- TEMP) ; (carbamazepinem. p. = 190.2 degreesC, saccharin m. p. = 228.8 degreesC).
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Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments 2950 Hi-Resolution TGA), 3.342% weight loss starting at 67.03 degrees C and a 55.09% weight loss starting at 118. 71 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
Powder x-ray diffraction : (RigakuMiniflex Diffractometer using Cu Kα(k = 1. 540562), 30kV, 15mA). The powder data were collected over an angular range of3'to 40'20 in continuous scan mode using a step size of 0.02 20 and a scan speed of 2.0 /minute. PXRD derived from the single crystal data, experimental (calculated) : 6.9 (7.0) ; 12.2 (12.2) ; 13.6 (13. 8) ; 14.0 (14.1) ; 14.1 (14.4) ; 15.3 (15. 6) ; 15.9 (15. 9) ; 18.1 (18.2); 18. 7 (18. 8) ; 20.2(2Q.3) ; 21.3 (21.5) ; 23.7 (23.9) ; 26.3 (26.4) ; 28. 3 (28. 3).
Example 26 Carbamazepine: 2, 6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (1: 1 stoichiometry)36 mg (0.1524 mmol) carbamazepine and 26 mg (0.1556 mmol) 2,6- pyridinedicarboxylic acid were dissolved in approximately 2 mL ethanol. Slow evaporation of the solvent yielded clear needles of a 1: 1 carbamazepine: 2,6- pyridinedicarboxylic acid co-crystal, as shown in Figs.51A-B.
Crystal packing: Each hydrogen on the carbamazepine 1 amine is hydrogen bonded to a carbonyl group of a different 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid moiety. The carbonyl of the carbamazepine carboxamide is hydrogen bonded to two hydroxide groups of one 2, 6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid moiety.
Melting Point: 214-216 degrees C(MEL-TEMP). (carbamazepine m. p. = 191-192 degrees C, 2, 6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid m. p. =248-250 degrees C).
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Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments 2950 Hi-Resolution TGA). 69% weight loss starting at 215 degrees C and a 17% weight loss starting at 392 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
Example 27 Carbamazepine :5-nitroisophthalic acid (1: 1 stoichiometry)
4 mg(0.1693 mmol) carbamazepine and 30 mg (0.1421 mmol) 5-nitroisophthalic acid were dissolved in approximately 3 mL methanol or ethanol. Slow evaporation of the solvent yielded yellow needles of a 1: 1 carbamazepine: 5- nitroisophthalic acid co-crystal, as shown in Figs. 52A-B.
* Crystal packing: The co-crystals are sustained by hydrogen bonded carboxylic acid homodimers between the two 5-nitroisophthalic acid moieties and hydrogen bonded carboxy-amide heterodimers between the carbamazepine and 5-nitroisophthalic acid moiety. There is solvent hydrogen bonded to an additional N-H donor from the carbamazepine moiety.
32.02% weight loss starting at 202 degrees C, a 12.12% weight loss starting at 224
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degrees C and a 17.94% weight loss starting at285 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
Powder x-raydiffraction: (Rigaku Miniflex Diffractometer using CuKα(1=1. 540562), 30kV, 15mA). The powder data were collected over an angular range of 3 to 40 2 in continuous scan mode usinga step size of 0.02 2 anda scan speedof 2. 0/min.
PXRD : Showed analogous peaks to the simulated PXRD derived from the single crystal data. PXRD analysis experimental (calculated) : 10.138 (10.283), 15. 291 (15.607), 17.438 (17.791), 21.166 (21.685), 31.407 (31.738), 32.650 (32.729).
15 mg (0.1524 mmol) carbamazepine and 20 mg (0.1556 mmol) 1,3, 5,7-adamantanetetracarboxylic acid were dissolved in approximately1 mL methanol or1 mL ethanol. Slow evaporation of the solvent yields clear plates of a 2: 1 carbamazepine:1, 3,5, 7-adamantanetetracarboxylic acid co-crystal, as shown in Figs. 53A- B.
Crystal packing: The co-crystals form a single 3D network of four tetrahedron, linked by square planes similar to the PtS topology. The crystals are sustained by hydrogen bonding.
Melting Point: (MEL-TEMP). 258-260 degrees C (carbamazepine m. p. = 191-192 degrees C, adamantanetetracarboxylic acid m. p.= > 390 degrees C).
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Thermogravimetric Analysis: (TA Instruments 2950 Hi-Resolution TGA). 9% weight loss starting at 189 degrees C, a 52% weight loss starting at 251 degrees C and a 31% weight loss starting at 374 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
Example 29 Carbamazepine : benzoquinone (1: 1 stoichiometry)
25 mg (0.1058 mmol) carbamazepine and11 mg (0.1018 mmol) benzoquinone was dissolved in 2 mL methanol or THF. Slow evaporation of the solvent produced an average yield of yellow crystals of a 1: 1 carbamazepine : benzoquinone co-crystal, as shown in Figs. 54A-B.
Crystal data: (Bruker SMART-APEX CCD Diffractometer).C21H16N203, M=344.36, monoclinic P2 (1)/c ;a=10. 3335 (18), b=27.611 (5), c=4.9960 (9)A,p=102. 275(3) , U=1392.9(4) 3, T=100 (2) K, Z=3, Dc=1. 232Mg/m3, (MO-Kα) =0.084mm'', =0. 71073A, F (000) 540,2#max=28.24 . 8392 reflections measured, 3223 unique(Rint=0. 1136). Final residuals for 199 parameters wereRi=0. 0545 and wR2=0. 1358 for1 > 2 (y (l), and Rl=0. 0659 and wR2=0.1427 for all 3223 data.'
Crystal packing: The co-crystals contain hydrogen bonded carboxamide homodimers. Each1 amine on the carbamazepine is bifurcated to a carbonyl group of a benzoquinone moiety. The dimers form infinite chains.
20.62% weight loss starting at 168 degrees C and a 78% weight loss starting at 223 degrees C followed by complete decomposition.
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Example 30 Carbamazepine : trimesic acid (1: 1 stoichiometry)
36 mg (0.1524 mmol) carbamazepine and 31 mg (0.1475 mmol) trimesic acid were dissolved ina solvent mixture of approximately 2 mL methanol and 2 mLdichloromethane. Slow evaporation of thesolvent mixture yielded white starbursts ofa1 :1 carbamazepine : trimesic acidco-crystal, as shown in Figs.55A-B.
1: 1 carbamazepine : trimesicacid co-crystals were also prepared via another method. A 9-block experiment was designed with 10 solvents.864 crystallization experiments with8 co-crystal formers and 3 concentrations were carried out using theCrystalMax platform. The co-crystal was obtained from samples containing methanol.
The resulting co-crystal was characterized by PXRD and the diffractogram is shown in Fig. 56.
Crystal packing: The co-crystals are sustained by hydrogen bonded carboxylic acid homodimers between carbamazepine and trimesic acid moieties and hydrogen bonded carboxylic acid-amine heterodimers between two trimesic acid moieties arranged in a stacked ladder formation.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: (TA Instruments 2920 DSC). 273 degrees C (endotherm). m. p. = NA, decomposes at 278 degrees C(MEL-TEMP). (carbamazepine m. p. = 191-192 degrees C, trimesic acid m. p. =380 degrees C)
62. 83% weight loss starting at 253 degrees C anda 30.20% weight loss starting at 278 degreesC followed by complete decomposition.
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Powder x-ray diffraction : (Rigaku Miniflex Diffractometer usingCuKa(#=1. 540562), 30kV,15mA). The powder data were collected over an angular range of 3 to 40 degrees 2-theta in continuous scan mode using a step size of 0.02 degrees 2-theta and a scan speed of2. 0/min. PXRD analysis experimental : 10.736, 12.087, 16.857, 24.857, 27.857.
TableXXIV.DetailedCharateterisation of Co-Crystals All PXRD peaks are in units of degrees 2-theta All Raman shifts are in units ofcm-1 Celecoxib: Nicotinamide (Example 1) PXRD : 3.77, 7.56, 9.63, 14. 76,15. 21,16. 01,17. 78, 18. 68, 19.31, 20.44, 21.19, 22.10 DSC: Two endothermic transitions at about 117 and 119 degrees C and a sharp endotherm at about 130 degrees C TGA: Decomposition beginning at about 150 degrees C Raman: 1618,1599, 1452,1370, 1163,1044, 973,796, 632,393, 206 Celecoxib:18-Crown-6 (Example 2) PXRD: 8.73, 11.89, 12.57, 13.13, 15.01, 16.37, 17.03, 17.75, 18.45, 20.75, 22.37, 23.11, 24.33, 24.97, 26.61, 28.15 DSC: Sharp endotherm at about 190 degrees C TGA: Decomposition above 200 degrees C with a 25% weight loss between about 190- 210 degrees CTopiramate :18-Crown-6 (Example 3) PXRD: 10.79, 11.07, 12.17, 13.83, 16.13, 18.03, 18.51, 18. 79,19.21, 21.43, 22.25, 24.11 DSC: Sharp endotherm at about 135 degrees C TGA: Rapid decomposition beginning at about 135 degrees C and leveling off slightly after 200 degrees C Raman: 2995,2943, 1472,1427, 1262,849, 805,745, 629,280, 226 Olanzapine : Nicotinamide (Example 4) PXRD (FormI) : 4.89, 8.65, 12.51, 14.19, 15.59, 17.15, 19.71, 21.05, 23.95, 24.59, 25.53, 26.71 PXRD (Form II) : 5.13, 8.65, 11.87, 14.53, 17.53, 18.09, 19.69, 24.19, 26.01 (data as received) PXRD (Form III) : 6.41, 12.85, 14.91, 18. 67,21.85, 24.37 DSC (Form I) : Slightly broad endotherm at about 126 degrees C cis-Itraconazole : Succinic Acid (Example 5) PXRD : 3.01, 6.01, 8. 13,9. 05,15. 87,16. 17,17. 29,24. 47 DSC : Single endothermic transition at about 160 degrees Ci 1.0 degreesC TGA: Less than 0.1 % volatile components by weight
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cis-Itraconazole : Fumaric Acid (Example 6) PXRD: 4.61, 5.89, 9.23,10. 57,15. 51,16. 23,16. 93,19. 05,20. 79 DSC: The material had a weak endothermic transition at about 142 degrees C anda strong endothermic transition at about 180 degrees C TGA : The sample loses 0.5 % of its weight on the TGA between room temperature and 100 degrees Ccis-Itraconazole : L-Tartaric Acid (Example 7) PXRD :4.13, 6. 19,8.49, 16. 13,17. 23, 18. 07,19. 13,20. 79, 22.85926. 17 DSC : An endothermic transition at about 181 degrees C TGA : Less than 0.1 % volatile components by weight by TGAcis-Itraconazole : L-Malic acid (Example8) PXRD : 4.43, 6.07, 8.85, 15.93, 17.05, 20. 49,21. 27,22.85, 23.17, 26.17 DSC : The sample hasa strong endothermic transition at about 154 degrees C TGA : The sample contained less than 0.1% volatile components by weight cis-ItraconazoleHCl :DL-Tartaric acid (Example 9) PXRD: 3.73, 10.95, 13.83, 16.53, 17.75, 19.65, 21.11, 23. 95 DSC: The sample has a peak endothermic transition at about 162 degrees C TGA: The sample contained less than0.1 % volatile components by weightModafinil : Malonic acid (Example 10) PXRD (FormI) : 5.11, 9.35, 16.87, 18.33, 19.53, 21.38, 22.05, 22.89, 24.73, 25.19, 25.81, 28.59 PXRD (Form II) : 5.90, 9.54, 15.79, 18.02, 20.01, 21.66, 22.47, 25.30 DSC (FormI) : Endothermic transition at about 106 degrees C Raman (Form I) : 1601,1183, 1032,1004, 814,633, 265,222Modafinil : Glycolic acid (Example 11) PXRD : 6.09, 9.51, 14.91, 15.97, 19.01, 20.03, 21.59, 22.43, 22.75, 23.75, 25.03, 25.71Modafinil : Maleic acid (Example 12) PXRD: 4.69, 6.15, 9.61, 10.23, 15.65, 16.53, 17.19, 18. 01,19. 27,19. 53,19. 97,21.83, 22.45, 25.65 5-fluorouracil: Urea (Example 13) PXRD: 11.23, 12.69, 13.27, 15.93, 16.93, 20.37, 23.65, 25.55, 26.87, 32.49 DSC : Sharp endotherm at about208 degrees C TGA: Approximately 32 percent weight loss between 150 and 220 degrees C Raman: 1347,1024, 757,644, 545 Hydrochlorothiazide: Nicotinic acid (Example 14) PXRD: 8.57, 13.23, 14.31, 16.27, 17.89, 18.75, 21.13, 21.45, 24.41, 25.73, 26.57, 27.43 Hydrochlorothiazide :18-crown-6 (Example 15) PXRD: 9.97, 10.43, 11.57, 11.81, 12.83, 14.53, 15.67, 16.61, 19.05, 20.31, 20.65, 21.09, 21.85, 22.45, 23.63, 24.21, 25.33, 26.73 Hydrochlorothiazide: Piperazine (Example 16) PXRD : 6.85, 13.75, 15.93, 18. 71,20.679 20.93,23. 27,24. 17, 28. 33, 28.879 30. 89 Acetaminophen : 4,4'-Bipyridine : water (Example 17) DSC : Endothermic transition at about 58 degrees C
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Phenytoin: Pyridone (Example 18) PXRD: 5.2, 11.1, 15.1, 16.2, 16.7, 17. 8, 19.4, 19.8, 20.3, 21.2, 23.3, 26.1, 26.4, 27.3, 29.5 DSC: Endothermic transitions at about 233 and 271 degrees C TGA : 29.09 percent weight loss starting at about 193 degrees C,48.72 percent weight lossstarting at about 238 degrees C, 18. 38 percent weight loss starting at about 260 degreesC Aspirin :4, 49-13ipyri ine (Example 19) DSC : Endothermic transition at about 95 degreesC TGA : 9 percent weight loss starting at about 23 degrees C, 49.06 percent weight loss starting at about 103 degrees C, decomposition starting at about 209 degrees CIbuprofen : 4,4'-Bipyridine (Example 20) PXRD: 3. 4,6. 9,10.4, 17.3, 19.1 DSC : Endothermic transitions at about 65 and119 degrees C TGA : 13.28 percent weight loss between room temperature and about 100 degrees C Flurbiprofen: 4,4'-Bipyridine (Example 21) PXRD : 16.8, 17.1, 18.1, 19.0, 20.0, 21.3, 22.7, 25.0, 26.0, 26.1, 28. 2,29. 1 DSC: Endothermic transition at about 162 degrees C TGA: 30.93 percent weight loss starting at about 31 degrees C,46. 26 percent weight loss starting at about 169 degrees C Flurbiprofen:trans-1, 2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene (Example 22) PXRD : 3.6, 17.3, 18.1, 18.4, 19.1, 22.3, 23.8, 25.9, 28. 1 DSC: Endothermic transitions at about 100,126, and 164 degrees C TGA: 91.79 percent weight loss starting at about 133 degrees C Carbamazepine: p-phthalaldehyde (Example 23) PXRD : 8.5, 10.6,11. 9,14. 4,15. 1,18. 0,18. 5,19. 8,23. 7,24. 2,26. 4,27. 6,27. 8,28. 7, 29.3, 29.4 DSC: Endothermic transition at about128 degrees C TGA: 17.66 percent weight loss starting at about 30 degrees C, 17.57 percent weight loss starting at about 100 degrees C Carbamazepine: Nicotinamide (Example 24) PXRD : 6.5, 8.8, 10.1, 13.2, 15.6, 17.7, 17. 8, 18.3,19. 8, 20.4, 21.6, 22.6, 22.9, 26.4, 26.7, 28.0 DSC: Sharp endotherm at about 157 degrees C TGA: Decomposition beginning at about 150 degrees C Carbamazepine: Saccharin (Example 25) PXRD: 6.9, 12.2, 13.6, 14.0, 14.1, 15.3, 15.9, 18. 1, 18. 7,20. 2,21. 3,23. 7,26. 3,28. 3 DSC:Endotherms were present at about 75 and 177 degrees C TGA: 3.342 percent weight loss starting at about 67 degrees C, 55.09 percent weight loss starting at about 119 degrees C Carbamazepine: 2,6-pyridinecarboxylic acid (Example 26) TGA : 69 percent weight loss starting at about 215 degrees C, 17 percent weight loss starting at about 392 degrees C
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Carbamazepine : 5-nitroisophthalic acid (Example 27) PXRD: 10.14, 15.29, 17.44,21. 17, 31.41, 32.65 DSC :Endotherm at about 191 degrees C TGA : 32. 02 percent weight loss starting at about 202 degrees C, 12.12 percent weight loss starting at about 224 degreesC, 17. 94 percent weight loss starting at about 285 degreesC Carbamazepine :1, 3, 5,7-adamantanetetracarboxylic acid (Example28) TGA : 9 percent weight loss starting at about189 degrees C, 52 percent weight loss starting at about 251 degrees C, 31 percent weight loss starting at about 374 degrees C Carbamazepine :Benzoquinone (Example 29) TGA:20. 62 percent weight loss starting at about 168 degrees C,78 percent weight loss starting at about 223 degrees C Carbamazepine:Trimesic acid (Example30) PXRD : 10.89, 12.23, 14.83, 16.25, 17.05, 18. 13, 18. 47,21. 47,21. 95,24. 57,25. 11,27. 99 DSC : Endothermic transition at about 273 degrees C TGA: 62. 83 percent weight loss starting at about 253 degrees C, 30.20 percent weight loss starting at about 278 degrees C Example 31
A co-crystal with a modulated dissolution profile has been prepared. Celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystals were prepared via methods shown in Example 1. (See Fig. 57) Example 32
A co-crystal with a modulated dissolution profile has been prepared. cisItraconazole : succinic acid, cis-itraconazole : L-tartaric acid and cis-itraconazole : L-malic acid co-crystals were prepared via methods shown in Examples 5,7 and 8. (See Fig. 58) Example 33
A co-crystalof an unsaltable or difficult to salt API has been prepared.
Celecoxib: nicotinamide co-crystals were prepared via methods shown in Example 1.
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Example 34
A co-crystal with an improved hygroscopicity profile has been prepared.
Celecoxib : nicotinamide co-crystals were prepared via methods shown in Example 1.
(See Fig. 59) Example 35A co-crystal with reduced form diversity as compared to the API has beenprepared. Co-crystals of carbamazepine and saccharin have been prepared via method shown in Example 25.
Example 36
The formulationof a modafinil : malonic acid form I co-crystal was completed using lactose. Two mixtures, one of modafinil and lactose, and the second of modafinil : malonic acid co-crystal and lactose, were ground together in a mortar an pestle.
The mixtures targeted a 1: 1 weight ratio of modafinil to lactose. In the modafinil and lactose mixture, 901.2 mg of modafinil and 901.6 mg of lactose were ground together. In the modafinil: malonic acid co-crystal and lactose mixture, 1221.6 mg of co-crystal and 871.4 mg of lactose were ground together. The resulting powders were analyzed by PXRD and DSC. The PXRD patterns and DSCthermograms of the mixtures showed virtually no change upon comparison with both individual components. The DSC of the co-crystal mixture showed only the co-crystal melting peak at 113.6 degrees C with a heat of fusion of 75.9 J/g. This heat of fusion is 59.5 % of that found for the co-crystal alone (127.5J/g). This result is consistent with a 58.4 % weight ratio of co-crystal in the mixture. The DSC of the modafinil and lactose mixture had a melting point of 165.7 degrees C. This is slightly lower then the measured melting pointof modafinil (168. 7 degrees C). The heat of fusion of the mixture (59.3 J/g) is 46.9 % that of the modafinil alone (126.6J/g), which is consistent with the estimated value of50 %.
The in vitro dissolution of both the modafinil : malonic acid form I co-crystal and pure modafinil were tested in capsules. Both gelatin andhydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
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(HPMC) capsules were used in the dissolution study. The capsules were formulated with and without lactose. All formulations were ground in a mortar and pestle prior to transfer intoa capsule. The dissolution of the capsules was tested in 0.01MHC1 (See Figure 61).li7 0. 01M HCl, using sieved and ground materials in gelatin capsules:Modafinil and the modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal were passed through a38 micrometer sieve. Gelatin capsules (Size 0,B & B Pharmaceuticals9 Lot # 15-01202) were filled with 200.0 mg sieved modafinil,280.4 mg sieved modafinil : malonic acid co- crystal, 200.2 mg ground modafinil, or280. 3 mg ground modafinil : malonicacid co- crystal. Dissolution studies were performed in a Vankel VK 7000Benchsaver Dissolution Testing Apparatus with theVK750D heater/circulator set at 37 degrees C. At 0 minutes, the capsules were dropped into vessels containing 900 mL 0.01 MHCl and stirred by paddles.
Absorbance readings were taken using a Cary 50Spectrophotometer (wavelength set at260nm) at the following time points: 0,5, 10,15, 20,25, 30,40, 50, and 60 minutes. Theabsorbance values were compared to those of standards and the modafinil concentrations of the solutions were calculated.
In0.01MHCl, using ground materials in gelatin or HPMC capsules, with and without lactose :
Modafinil and the modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal were mixed with equivalent amounts of lactose (Spectrum, Lot QV0460) for approximately 5 minutes.
Gelatin capsules (Size 0, B & B Pharmaceuticals, Lot # 15-01202) were filled with 400.2 mg modafinil and lactose (approximately 200 mg modafinil), or 561.0 mg modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal and lactose (approximately 200 mg modafinil).
HPMC capsules (Size 0, Shionogi, Lot # A312A6) were filled with 399.9 mg modafinil and lactose, 560.9 mg modafinil: malonic acid co-crystal and lactose, 199.9 mg modafinil, or280. 5 mg modafinil: malonic acid form I co-crystal. The dissolution study was carried out as described above.
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Example 37
The modafinil : malonic acid form I co-crystal (from Example 10) was administered to dogs in apharmacokinetic study. Particles of modafinil : malonic acid co- crystal with a median particle size of about 16 micrometers were administered in the study. Asa reference,micronized modafinil witha median particle size of about 2 micrometers was also administered in the study. The AUC of the modafinil:malonic acid co-crystal was determined to be 40 to 60 percent higher than that of the pure modafinil.
Such a higherbioavailability illustrates the modulation of animportant pharmacokinetic parameter due to an embodiment of the present invention.A compilation of importantpharmacokinetic parameters measured during the animal study are included in Table XXV.
TableXXV-Pharmacokinetic parameters of modafinil : malonic acid co-crystal and puremodafmil in dogs
The increased half-life and bioavailability of modafinil in the malonic acid form I co-crystal may be due to the presence of malonic acid. It is believed that the malonic a
