The liquid crystal compound of this invention is characterized by having the general formula. wherein R and R' each represent an alkyl group, and X, X', Y and Y' each represent ##STR1##

A liquid crystal compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, X is chloro or bromo, and R.sup.2 is a branched-alkyl group; and the carbon atom marked with an * is an asymmetric carbon atom.

The present invention is characterized by a smectic liquid crystal compound represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R is selected from alkyl and alkoxy groups; X from ##STR2## m and n are natural numbers; and R* is an optically active group containing an asymmetric carbon atom, and a liquid crystal composition containing said compound as a component. This compound is excellent in optical stability and high-speed response.

The invention relates to a method and to a device for supporting a crystal ingot while pulling a single crystal, in particular such a crystal composed of silicon, according to the Czochralski method. To this end, a crystal support is provided which engages with a specialized bead, which is formed on the neck of the single crystal ingot and which has the shape of a bicone, by means of bearings in a housing. A support of the crystal ingot is thus achieved which may be disengaged at any time, and w...

The present liquid crystal compounds are novel ester-type compounds showing a smectic liquid crystal phase and being capable of increasing a dielectric constant anisotropy, represented by the following general formula: R--X.sub.1 --Y.sub.1 --X.sub.2 --Y.sub.2 --NO.sub.2, wherein R is an alkyl group; X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are the same or different from each other and are group --COO-- and --OOC--, and when X.sub.1 is group --COO--, ##STR1## The present liquid composition contains the novel compound...

A vertically oriented rotatable drum includes a receptacle centrally disposed therein. Positioning means disposed within the annulus defined by the drum and receptacle side walls are adapted to confine a substrate against vertical movement while permitting lateral movement. The direction of such movement is determinable by densities of materials handled and drum speed. Means communicate the receptacle with the annular region whereby fluid material may coat alternate sides of the laterally shifti...

A circuit for multiplexing or energizing the crystals of a nematic liquid crystal display in timed sequence. Complementary MOS transistor logic circuits are used to create an equal potential at the opposite ends of these liquid crystals that are to be deenergized. The remaining liquid crystals are energized through direct paths or through paths in series with other energized crystals.

A crystal assembly carrying a lamp, a battery and a switch; the crystal assembly being placeable over a dial and by actuating the switch the lamp is lighted to illuminate the dial.

A crystal mounting assembly provided with a hermetically sealed and evacuated envelope in which a crystal unit is supported on a rigid ceramic substrate by means of strain-free leads connecting the crystal electrodes to contacts plated on the substrate. The substrate contacts are connected to terminal pins projecting from the envelope, whereby the lead-supported crystal is mechanically isolated from and unaffected by stresses imposed on the pins.

A liquid crystal display in which a layer of liquid crystal material is confined between a pair of substrates in which two sets of parallelly disposed electrodes are disposed on one of the substrates at an angle with one another with a layer of dielectric material between the sets. Excitation voltage is applied between selected adjacent pairs of electrodes from each of the sets for energizing a selected portion of the liquid crystal material. A biasing electrode may be disposed on the other of s...