A technique for generating motion vectors in video and film signal processing uses constraint equation based motion estimation. Simplifications of the processing and hardware are made possible by generating motion vectors based on the normalized constraint equation. The temporal and spatial image gradients are calculated using temporal and spatial differentiators (16, 17, 18). An angle (.theta.) corresponding to the orientation of the spatial image gradient vector and the motion speed (vn) in th...

A method for signal detection uses a likelihood ratio derived from the received signal to produce an estimate of a speech signal that has been corrupted by noise during transmission. The received signal is input to a receiver filter and a voice-activity detector. The receiver filter filters the received signal to produce a filter output signal. The voice-activity detector generates a likelihood ratio based on the received signal, which is then used to produce a speech-probability estimate indica...

A maximum likelihood sequence estimation apparatus for estimating a transmitted signal sequence from a received signal sequence and an estimated channel impulse response characteristic. A merge detection circuit computes a time required for respective merges, that is, the time required for convergence of all possible state paths to one state, instructs the maximum likelihood sequence estimation circuit to output a decided maximum likelihood data sequence to a channel impulse response characteris...

The disclosure concerns a device for estimation of movement by block matching in an image compression system based on blocks, characterized in that it comprises N lines.times.M columns of means of calculation of an error function between two values, N.times.M means of memorization of values representing the block whose movement is to be estimated, N.times.M means of memorization of values representing a block of a reference window, the two means of memorization being linked respectively to the m...

A method estimating a property or parameter of a nucleic acid material, which property or parameter is one to which the electrical conductivity of the nucleic acid material is related, comprises measuring the electrical conductivity of the nucleic acid material, and estimating from the measurement the property or parameter of the material by reference to a predetermined relationship between electrical conductivity and said property or parameter. This is based on the discovery that there are cert...

A method for determining blood pressure of an artery includes the steps of applying a pressure to the artery, sensing pressure data produced by the artery and deriving parameters from the sensed pressure data. The parameters are utilized for generating a first blood pressure value estimate using a first function of the parameters based upon a first range of pressure values and by generating at least one second blood pressure estimate using at least one second parameter function based upon a seco...

A method of encoding speech by analyzing a digitized speech signal to determine excitation parameters for the digitized speech signal is disclosed. The method includes dividing the digitized speech signal into at least two frequency bands, determining a first preliminary excitation parameter by performing a nonlinear operation on at least one of the frequency band signals to produce a modified frequency band signal and determining the first preliminary excitation parameter using the modified fre...

A channel estimation circuit of the present invention includes: a tentative channel estimation unit for performing channel estimation by making use of a received signal and outputting the result of estimation as a tentative channel estimation signal; a noise/interference power estimation unit for estimating noise and interference power by making use of the received signal and outputting the result of estimation as a noise/interference power estimation signal; a threshold decision unit for establ...

A method of channel estimation in a wireless communication system has steps of receiving a data burst comprising a plurality of portions of known data, and remaining data that is unknown; comparing reference data to each of the plurality of portions of known data and determining error for each of the portions of known data; averaging the determined error for predetermined ones of the portions of known data; and estimating error for at least a portion of the remaining data as a function of the de...

Techniques for doing motion estimation in video encoding. A predictor block which is a best match for a current block is located by comparing the current block of the picture currently being encoded with candidate blocks that are located using the motion vectors of blocks that are either spatially or temporally proximate to the current block. If a given proximate block does not have a usable motion vector, another proximate block is used. The temporally proximate blocks are blocks in the last pi...