Ectoparasites, such as fleas, ticks, mites and lice, are removed from a human or animal host after applying a composition to the affected area that causes desiccation of the organism. In one embodiment, treatment is effected by applying a substantially anhydrous composition that has a strong affinity for water. As the composition hydrates, it desiccates the pests and facilitates their mechanical removal, such as by combing.